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Bayesian regression, backward selection regression, and ROC curve analysis were applied to identify optimal biomarker combinations and diagnostic cut-offs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In AD cases, pTau181 and ApoE4 levels were elevated, and the A\u03b21-42\/1-40 ratio was reduced. ROC analysis showed high accuracy for pTau181, ApoE4 and A\u03b21-42\/1-40 in discriminating AD from HC, with a combination significantly improving performance. However, limited fold change, and high variability reduced the diagnostic applicability of A\u03b21-42\/1-40 ratio. Elevated NfL levels were the most reliable biomarker for CBS-A\u03b2(\u2013) cases. GFAP showed limited discriminatory power due to overlapping levels, suggesting that it may not serve as a disease-specific biomarker but may be indicative of general neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the diagnostic utility of pTau181, ApoE4 and the A\u03b21-42\/1-40 ratio for AD and NfL in the CBS-A\u03b2(\u2013) cases and emphasizes the added value of combined biomarker models for group differentiation. Prospective studies will help validate these findings and refine clinical thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02013-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T10:57:19Z","timestamp":1746183439000},"page":"2255-2273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Plasma biomarkers of amyloid, tau &amp; neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and corticobasal syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Kurz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selim \u00dcst\u00fcn","family":"G\u00fcrsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Schrurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Jethwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Carboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayuri","family":"Hortsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Keeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Brendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Burow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Haeckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin A. 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Now, it has been Corrected to structured Abstract.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"S.H., A.J. are full-time employees of Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany, I.S. M.C. are full-time employee of Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland and T.B. is full-time employee and stakeholder of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland, which manufactured the blood biomarkers that were investigated in this study. C.K. has received speaker honoraria from Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland. R.P. has received consultancy fees and speaker honoraria from Roche. G. H. serves as a consultant for Abbvie, Alzprotect, Amylyx, Aprinoia, Asceneuron, Bayer, Bial, Biogen, Biohaven, Epidarex, Ferrer, Kyowa Kirin, Lundbeck, Novartis, Retrotope, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, Teva, UCB; received honoraria for scientific presentations from Abbvie, Bayer, Bial, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kyowa Kirin, Pfizer, Roche, Teva, UCB, Zambon. All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}