{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T22:00:46Z","timestamp":1775944846333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de Cadiz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is a leading cause of global disability, affecting approximately 280\u00a0million individuals worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that both physical fitness and endocannabinoids system play significant roles in the pathophysiology and management of depressive disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the associations between physical fitness, in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF), with plasma levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and their analogues, in adults diagnosed with depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study involved 80 adults (ages 25\u201365) with a psychiatric diagnosis of mild-to-moderate depression based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria. Physical fitness was assessed through tests measuring CRF (6-Minute Walk Test) and MF (Handgrip, Arm Curl, Chair Stand, Standing Long Jump Test). Fasting plasma levels of eCBs, such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and their analogues were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear regression analyses were conducted or the associations between fitness variables and plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues using three models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CRF and jump performance were inversely associated with plasma levels of the eCBs AEA (\u03b2 range: \u2212\u20090.302 to \u2212\u20090.237 for CRF, \u2212\u20090.315 to \u2212\u20090.370 for jump; All\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and 2-AG\n                      <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u03b2 range: \u2212\u20090.308 to \u2212\u20090.326 across all models). eCBs analogues correlated negatively with CRF [2-linoleoylglycerol, 2-oleoylglycerol, docosatetraenoylethanolamide (DEA)] and jump (linoleylethanolamine, stearoylethanolamine, DEA); findings persisted after lean mass normalization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicated that higher physical fitness was associated with lower plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T08:08:14Z","timestamp":1749110894000},"page":"605-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness with plasma levels of endocannabinoids and their analogues in adults with diagnosed depression: SONRIE study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ruiz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Ortega-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria del Mar","family":"Espinosa-Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eulalio Valmisa-G\u00f3mez","family":"de Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Rosety-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Espa\u00f1a-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joormann J, Quinn ME (2014) Cognitive processes and emotion regulation in depression. Depress. Anxiety, vol 31. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp 308\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22264","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22264"},{"key":"2032_CR2","unstructured":"WHO OMS| La depresi\u00f3n. OMS 2016;369"},{"key":"2032_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.10.012","author":"BL Hankin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hankin BL (2006) Adolescent depression: description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.10.012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2032_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bains N, Abdijadid S (2021) Major depressive disorder. Major Depress Disord 1\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2017-0-01421-0","DOI":"10.1016\/C2017-0-01421-0"},{"key":"2032_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","volume":"398","author":"DF Santomauro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santomauro DF, Mantilla Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM et al (2021) Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398:1700\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2032_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-0650","volume":"42","author":"L Guti\u00e9rrez-Rojas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Rojas L, Porras-Segovia A, Dunne H, Andrade-Gonz\u00e1lez N, Cervilla JA (2020) Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 42:657\u2013672","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"2032_CR7","unstructured":"WHO (2023) Depressive disorder (Depression). World Heal Organ"},{"key":"2032_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ, Depression (2018) Lancet 392:2299\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2032_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/S40279-021-01520-Y","volume":"5112","author":"C Cadenas-Sanchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cadenas-Sanchez C, Mena-Molina A, Torres-Lopez LV, Migueles JH, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Lubans DR et al (2021) Healthier Minds in fitter bodies: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of the association between physical fitness and mental health in youth. Sport Med 2021 5112:51:2571\u20132605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40279-021-01520-Y","journal-title":"Sport Med 2021"},{"key":"2032_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.088","volume":"257","author":"A Kandola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kandola A, Ashdown-Franks G, Stubbs B, Osborn DPJ, Hayes JF (2019) The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of common mental health disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 257:748\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.088","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2032_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001658","volume":"84","author":"N Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu N, Jacobs DR, Schreiner PJ, Launer LJ, Whitmer RA, Sidney S et al (2015) Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain volume and white matter integrity. Neurology 84:2347\u20132353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001658","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2032_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140612102841","volume":"13","author":"M Wegner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wegner M, Helmich I, Machado S, Nardi A, Arias-Carrion O, Budde H (2014) Effects of exercise on anxiety and depression disorders: review of meta- analyses and Neurobiological mechanisms. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 13:1002\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871527313666140612102841","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2032_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1600-0579.2003.00207.X","volume":"51","author":"T Rantanen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rantanen T, Volpato S, Ferrucci L, Heikkinen E, Fried LP, Guralnik JM (2003) Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: exploring the mechanism. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:636\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1600-0579.2003.00207.X","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2032_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desai S, Borg B, Cuttler C, Crombie KM, Rabinak CA, Hill MN et al A systematic review and Meta-Analysis on the effects of exercise on the endocannabinoid system. Https:\/\/HomeLiebertpubCom\/Can 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/CAN.2021.0113","DOI":"10.1089\/CAN.2021.0113"},{"key":"2032_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01026.x","volume":"13","author":"E Heyman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heyman E, Gamelin F-X, Aucouturier J, Di Marzo V (2012) The role of the endocannabinoid system in skeletal muscle and metabolic adaptations to exercise: potential implications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 13:1110\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01026.x","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"2032_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2010.11.021","volume":"35","author":"BB Gorzalka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorzalka BB, Hill MN (2011) Putative role of endocannabinoid signaling in the etiology of depression and actions of antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:1575\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2010.11.021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2032_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003","volume":"60","author":"KL Szuhany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW (2015) A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Psychiatr Res 60:56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2032_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Navarro D, Gasparyan A, Navarrete F, Torregrosa AB, Rubio G, Mar\u00edn-Mayor M et al (2022) Molecular alterations of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23094764","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094764"},{"key":"2032_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.130","volume":"43","author":"CJ Hillard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hillard CJ (2018) Circulating endocannabinoids: from whence do they come and where are they going?? Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 43:155\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.130","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2032_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasbi A, Madras BK, George SR (2023) Endocannabinoid system and exogenous cannabinoids in depression and anxiety: A review. Brain Sci 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13020325","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020325"},{"key":"2032_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104313","volume":"85","author":"L Jurado-Fasoli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jurado-Fasoli L, Di X, Sanchez-Delgado G, Yang W, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Ortiz-Alvarez L et al (2022) Acute and long-term exercise differently modulate plasma levels of Oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and their analogues in young sedentary adults: A sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled-trial. EBioMedicine 85:104313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104313","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2032_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piomelli D (2003) The molecular logic of endocannabinoid signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci. 411 2003;4:873\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1247","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1247"},{"key":"2032_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaraz\u00faa-Guzm\u00e1n S, Vicente-Mart\u00ednez JG, Pinos-Rodr\u00edguez JM, Arevalo-Villalobos JI (2024) An overview of major depression disorder: the endocannabinoid system as a potential target for therapy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 669\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.14089","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14089"},{"key":"2032_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001276","volume":"49","author":"AG Brellenthin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF (2017) Endocannabinoid and mood responses to exercise in adults with varying activity levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49:1688\u20131696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001276","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2032_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017","volume":"37","author":"E Heyman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heyman E, Gamelin F-XX, Goekint M, Piscitelli F, Roelands B, Leclair E et al (2012) Intense exercise increases Circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans-Possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:844\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2032_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002293","volume":"52","author":"N Stensson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stensson N, Gerdle B, Ernberg M, Mannerkorpi K, Kosek E, Ghafouri B (2020) Increased Anandamide and decreased pain and depression after exercise in fibromyalgia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52:1617\u20131628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002293","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2032_CR27","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad Consumo y Bienestar Social Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2017 ENSE 2017 metodolog\u00eda. Encuesta Nac Salud 2017:64"},{"key":"2032_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva"},{"key":"2032_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023","volume":"77","author":"FB Schuch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B (2016) Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J Psychiatr Res 77:42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2032_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D043794","volume":"55","author":"A Pastor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pastor A, Farr\u00e9 M, Fit\u00f3 M, Fernandez-Aranda F, De La Torre R (2014) Analysis of ECs and related compounds in plasma: artifactual isomerization and ex vivo enzymatic generation of 2-MGs. J Lipid Res 55:966\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.D043794","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2032_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.020","volume":"204","author":"CJ Hillard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hillard CJ, Weinlander KM, Stuhr KL (2012) Contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to psychiatric disorders in humans: genetic and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience 204:207\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2032_CR32","first-page":"919","volume":"132","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"1985","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Sullivan MJ, Thompson PJ, Fallen EL, Pugsley SO, Taylor DW et al (1985) The 6-minute walk: A new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J 132:919\u2013921","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2032_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9710086","volume":"158","author":"PL Enrichi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Enrichi PL, Sherrill DL (1998) Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1384\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9710086","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2032_CR34","unstructured":"Osness WH (1990) Functional fitness assessment for adults over 60 years"},{"key":"2032_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.129","volume":"7","author":"RE Rikli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rikli RE, Jones CJ (1999) Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community- residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act 7:129\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.7.2.129","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"2032_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.34315","volume":"27","author":"J Ruiz-Ruiz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ruiz J, Mesa JLM, Guti\u00e9rrez A, Castillo MJ (2002) Hand size influences optimal grip span in women but not in men. J Hand Surg Am 27:897\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jhsu.2002.34315","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2032_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Rub\u00edn L, McGrath R, Gower B, Boyle T et al (2025) International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100\u2009+\u2009years from 69 countries and regions. J Sport Heal Sci 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.101014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.101014"},{"key":"2032_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608028","volume":"70","author":"CJ Jones","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Beam WC (1999) A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 70:113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608028","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2032_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b8d5c1","volume":"23","author":"J Castro-Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castro-Pi\u00f1ero J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Montesinos JL, Mora J, Keating XD, Girela-Rej\u00f3n MJ, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M et al (2009) Percentile values for muscular strength field tests in children aged 6 to 17 years: influence of weight status. J Strength Cond Res 23:2295\u20132310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b8d5c1","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2032_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12182","volume":"24","author":"N Marin-Jimenez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marin-Jimenez N, Perez-Bey A, Cruz-Leon C, Conde-Caveda J, Segura-Jimenez V, Castro-Pi\u00f1ero J et al (2024) Criterion-related validity and reliability of the standing long jump test in adults: the Adult-Fit project. Eur J Sport Sci 24:1379\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.12182","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2032_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1973.10489103","volume":"15","author":"CL Mallows","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mallows CL (1973) Some comments on Cp. Technometrics 15:661\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.1973.10489103","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"2032_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.12.018","volume":"201","author":"A de Belitardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Belitardo A, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Peres MFP, de Oliveira AB, de Mello MT et al (2019) Weight loss and improved mood after aerobic exercise training are linked to lower plasma Anandamide in healthy people. Physiol Behav 201:191\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.12.018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2032_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1680480","volume":"42","author":"AG Brellenthin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Brown RT, Koltyn KF (2021) Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst Abus 42:272\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1680480","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"2032_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad668","volume":"109","author":"X Di","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di X, Martinez-Tellez B, Krekels EHJ, Jurado-Fasoli L, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Ortiz-Alvarez L et al (2024) Higher plasma levels of endocannabinoids and analogues correlate with a worse cardiometabolic profile in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109:1351\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad668","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2032_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2307\/2288958","volume":"83","author":"RK Steinhorst","year":"1988","unstructured":"Steinhorst RK, Myers RH (1988) Classical and modern regression with applications. J Am Stat Assoc 83:271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2288958","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2032_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993211","volume":"41","author":"MN Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill MN, Miller GE, Ho W-SSV, Gorzalka BB, Hillard CJ (2008) Serum endocannabinoid content is altered in females with depressive disorders: A preliminary report. Pharmacopsychiatry 41:48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-993211","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2032_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1471-4159.2008.05567.X","volume":"106","author":"MN Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill MN, Carrier EJ, McLaughlin RJ, Morrish AC, Meier SE, Hillard CJ et al (2008) Regional alterations in the endocannabinoid system in an animal model of depression: effects of concurrent antidepressant treatment. J Neurochem 106:2322\u20132336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1471-4159.2008.05567.X","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2032_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PCAD.2018.07.008","volume":"61","author":"FB Ortega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Migueles JH, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Sui X et al (2018) Role of physical activity and fitness in the characterization and prognosis of the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 61:190\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PCAD.2018.07.008","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2032_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AMEPRE.2010.07.015","volume":"39","author":"FB Ortega","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Lee DC, Sui X, Kubzansky LD, Ruiz JR, Baruth M et al (2010) Psychological well-being, cardiorespiratory fitness, and long-term survival. Am J Prev Med 39:440\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AMEPRE.2010.07.015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2032_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05129-3","volume":"47","author":"E Pitsillou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pitsillou E, Bresnehan SM, Kagarakis EA, Wijoyo SJ, Liang J, Hung A et al (2020) The cellular and molecular basis of major depressive disorder: towards a unified model for Understanding clinical depression. Mol Biol Rep 47:753\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-019-05129-3","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"2032_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2016.01.004","volume":"67","author":"B Yi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yi B, Nichiporuk I, Nicolas M, Schneider S, Feuerecker M, Vassilieva G et al (2016) Reductions in Circulating endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in healthy human subjects exposed to chronic stressors. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 67:92\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2016.01.004","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2032_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa051","volume":"117","author":"YC Koay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koay YC, Stanton K, Kienzle V, Li M, Yang J, Celermajer DS et al (2021) Effect of chronic exercise in healthy young male adults: a metabolomic analysis. Cardiovasc Res 117:613\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa051","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2032_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda F, Sauchelli S, Pastor A, Gonzalez ML, De La Torre R, Granero R et al (2014) Moderate-vigorous physical activity across body mass index in females: moderating effect of endocannabinoids and temperament. PLoS ONE 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0104534","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0104534"},{"key":"2032_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.01.028","volume":"156","author":"HK Moreira Antunes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreira Antunes HK, Fogaca Leite GS, Lee KS, Barreto AT, Thomatieli dos Santos RV, de Souza H (2016) Exercise deprivation increases negative mood in exercise-addicted subjects and modifies their biochemical markers. Physiol Behav 156:182\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.01.028","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2032_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.13005\/bbra\/2562","volume":"14","author":"M Hamedinia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamedinia M, Sharifi M, Hosseini-Kakhak A (2017) The effect of eight weeks of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training on some factor of endocannabinoid system, serotonin, Beta-Endorphin and BDNF in young men. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 14:1201\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13005\/bbra\/2562","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1772478116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02032-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors affirm that they have no financial, personal, or other relationships that could be perceived as a conflict of interest in connection with this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict interest"}}]}}