{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:02:16Z","timestamp":1787317336689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ministero della Salute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ministero della Salute"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increasing evidence suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) plays a crucial role in aggression and that it may be possible to modulate this behavior using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Nevertheless, no previous study has specifically examined the differential effects of bilateral tDCS on reactive and proactive aggression, making the present research the first to explore this distinction using neuromodulation. With this aim, we examined the effect of bi-hemispheric prefrontal tDCS in 30 healthy adults using a double-blind, sham-controlled design. All participants received three types of stimulation over the dlPFC: right anodal\/left cathodal, right cathodal\/left anodal, and sham tDCS. During the stimulation, participants underwent a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, which included two different tasks: one for measuring proactive aggression (i.e., pTAP) and one for reactive aggression (i.e., rTAP). They were also given self-report questionnaires measuring individual levels of aggression, impulsivity, and empathy to test whether these constructs were associated with aggressive responses at the pTAP and rTAP. Results showed increased proactive aggression in males with both active montages, while reactive aggression increased only with right cathodal\/left anodal tDCS. Females exhibited increased proactive aggression during right cathodal\/left anodal tDCS, but decreased reactive aggression during right anodal\/left cathodal stimulation. These findings suggest sex-dependent modulation of aggression via dlPFC stimulation. The relevance of these results extends beyond healthy individuals, as dlPFC dysfunction is a common feature in several psychiatric disorders associated with aggressive behavior. Understanding how tDCS modulates these distinct forms of aggression in healthy populations can inform future research on its therapeutic potential within clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T05:12:36Z","timestamp":1755753156000},"page":"207-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dissociating prefrontal contribution to reactive and proactive aggression: a transcranial direct current stimulation study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"276","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5005-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Gramegna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bolognini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2087_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geen RG, Donnerstein E (1998) Processes and personal variables in affective aggression. In: Human Aggression, Academic Press, pp. 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231"},{"key":"2087_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992223","volume":"17","author":"L Berkowitz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Berkowitz L (1993) Pain and aggression: some findings and implications. Motivat Emot 17:277\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00992223","journal-title":"Motivat Emot"},{"key":"2087_CR3","volume-title":"The evolution of violence","author":"TK Shackelford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shackelford TK, Hansen RD (2016) The evolution of violence. Springer, New York"},{"key":"2087_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.053","volume":"143","author":"RMM De Almeida","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Almeida RMM, Cabral JCC, Narvaes R (2015) Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates. Physiol Behav 143:121\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.053","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854897024004002","volume":"24","author":"P Gendreau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gendreau P, Goggin CE, Law MA (1997) Predicting prison misconducts. Criminal Justice Behav 24(4):414\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854897024004002","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Behav"},{"key":"2087_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.106.s412.29.x","volume":"106","author":"T Steinert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steinert T (2002) Prediction of inpatient violence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 106:133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0447.106.s412.29.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2087_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101433","volume":"53","author":"B Greer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greer B, Taylor RW, Cella M, Stott R, Wykes T (2020) The contribution of dynamic risk factors in predicting aggression: a systematic review including inpatient forensic and non-forensic mental health services. Aggress Violent Beh 53:101433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101433","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.1","volume":"12","author":"H Girasek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Girasek H, Nagy VA, Fekete S, Ungvari GS, Gazdag G (2022) Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatient populations. World J Psychiatry 12(1):1","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2087_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258346","volume":"16","author":"I Weltens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weltens I, Bak M, Verhagen S, Vandenberk E, Domen P, van Amelsvoort T, Drukker M (2021) Aggression on the psychiatric ward: prevalence and risk factors. A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 16(10):e0258346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258346","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.04.013","volume":"179","author":"DM de Barros","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Barros DM, de P\u00e1dua Serafim A (2008) Association between personality disorder and violent behavior pattern. Forensic Sci Int 179(1):19\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.04.013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00276-8","volume":"55","author":"RJ Blair","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blair RJ (2004) The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain Cogn 55(1):198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00276-8","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2087_CR12","unstructured":"Dodge KA (1991) The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In: Earlscourt Symposium on Childhood Aggression, Jun, 1988, Toronto, ON, Canada. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875","volume":"67","author":"NR Crick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Crick NR, Dodge KA (1996) Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Dev 67(3):993\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1131875","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2087_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022695601088","volume":"26","author":"D Schwartz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwartz D, Dodge KA, Coie JD, Hubbard JA, Cillessen AH, Lemerise EA, Bateman H (1998) Social-cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression and victimization in boys\u2019 play groups. J Abnorm Child Psychol 26:431\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022695601088","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025406059968","volume":"30","author":"F Vitaro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Barker ED (2006) Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: a developmental perspective. Int J Behav Dev 30(1):12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165025406059968","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.06.001","volume":"32","author":"A Siegel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Siegel A, Victoroff J (2009) Understanding human aggression: new insights from neuroscience. Int J Law Psychiatry 32(4):209\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.06.001","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"2087_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0695-9","volume":"126","author":"IW Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig IW, Halton KE (2009) Genetics of human aggressive behaviour. Hum Genet 126:101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-009-0695-9","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0798(199822)16:3<319::AID-BSL311>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"16","author":"A Raine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raine A, Meloy JR, Bihrle S, Stoddard J, LaCasse L, Buchsbaum MS (1998) Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behav Sci Law 16(3):319\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0798(199822)16:3%3C319::AID-BSL311%3E3.0.CO;2-G","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00911314","volume":"21","author":"MS Atkins","year":"1993","unstructured":"Atkins MS, Stoff DM (1993) Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 21(2):165\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00911314","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"2087_CR20","unstructured":"Meloy JR (1988) The psychopathic mind: origins, dynamics, and treatment. Rowman & Littlefield"},{"key":"2087_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirsky AF, Siegel A (1994) The neurobiology of violence and aggression. In: National Research Council. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2: Biobehavioral Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/4420. Biobehavioral influences: understanding and preventing violence","DOI":"10.17226\/4420"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00042-8","volume":"7","author":"NJ Weinshenker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weinshenker NJ, Siegel A (2002) Bimodal classification of aggression: affective defense and predatory attack. Aggress Violent Beh 7(3):237\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00042-8","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.002","volume":"19","author":"JC Babcock","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babcock JC, Tharp AL, Sharp C, Heppner W, Stanford MS (2014) Similarities and differences in impulsive\/premeditated and reactive\/proactive bimodal classifications of aggression. Aggress Violent Beh 19(3):251\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.002","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"6","key":"2087_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146","volume":"53","author":"KA Dodge","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dodge KA, Coie JD (1987) Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children\u2019s peer groups. J Personal Soc Psychol 53(6):1146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231","volume":"53","author":"CA Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2002) Human aggression. Ann Rev Psychol 53(1):27\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231","journal-title":"Ann Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2087_CR26","unstructured":"Volavka J (2008) Neurobiology of violence. American Psychiatric Pub"},{"key":"2087_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023899703866","volume":"31","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Cornell AH, Barry CT, Bodin SD, Dane HE (2003) Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. J Abnorm Child Psychol 31:457\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1023899703866","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl033","volume":"1","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine A, Yang Y (2006) Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behaviour. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci 1(3):203\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsl033","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"2087_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:4<241::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"22","author":"L Pulkkinen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pulkkinen L (1996) Proactive and reactive aggression in early adolescence as precursors to anti- and prosocial behavior in young adults. Aggressive Behav 22:241\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:4%3C241::AID-AB1%3E3.0.CO;2-O","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00333","volume":"39","author":"F Vitaro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vitaro F, Gendreau PL, Tremblay RE, Oligny P (1998) Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39(3):377\u2013385","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2004.06.010","volume":"52","author":"A Bechara","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bechara A, Damasio AR (2005) The somatic marker hypothesis: a neural theory of economic decision. Games Econ Behav 52(2):336\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geb.2004.06.010","journal-title":"Games Econ Behav"},{"key":"2087_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0086-x","volume":"12","author":"RJR Blair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blair RJR (2010) Neuroimaging of psychopathy and antisocial behavior: a targeted review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 12:76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-009-0086-x","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.10.006","volume":"29","author":"SD Lane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lane SD, Kjome KL, Moeller FG (2011) Neuropsychiatry of aggression. Neurol Clin 29(1):49\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.10.006","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2087_CR34","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Handbook of emotion","author":"JE LeDoux","year":"2008","unstructured":"LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2008) Emotional networks in the brain. In: Lewis M, Haviland-Jones J, Barrett LF (eds) Handbook of emotion, 3rd edn. Guilford, New York, pp 159\u2013179","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1995)21:3<199::AID-AB2480210303>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"21","author":"PR Giancola","year":"1995","unstructured":"Giancola PR, Zeichner A (1995) Construct validity of a competitive reaction-time aggression paradigm. Aggressive Behav 21(3):199\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1098-2337(1995)21:3%3C199::AID-AB2480210303%3E3.0.CO;2-Q","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2087_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.032","volume":"69","author":"EF Coccaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coccaro EF, Sripada CS, Yanowitch RN, Phan KL (2011) Corticolimbic function in impulsive aggressive behavior. Biol Psychiatry 69(12):1153\u20131159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.032","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111774","volume":"165","author":"LJ Siever","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siever LJ (2008) Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry 165(4):429\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111774","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.004","volume":"15","author":"A Etkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R (2011) Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 15(2):85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2087_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107931","volume":"155","author":"AA Puhalla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puhalla AA, McCloskey MS (2020) The relationship between physiological reactivity to provocation and emotion dysregulation with proactive and reactive aggression. Biol Psychol 155:107931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107931","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.06.003","volume":"49","author":"SS Hoppenbrouwers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoppenbrouwers SS, De Jesus DR, Stirpe T, Fitzgerald PB, Voineskos AN, Schutter DJ, Daskalakis ZJ (2013) Inhibitory deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in psychopathic offenders. Cortex 49(5):1377\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.06.003","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2087_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-017-0390-z","volume":"18","author":"J Repple","year":"2017","unstructured":"Repple J, Pawliczek CM, Voss B, Siegel S, Schneider F, Kohn N, Habel U (2017) From provocation to aggression: the neural network. BMC Neurosci 18:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-017-0390-z","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00413.x","volume":"8","author":"SK Sutton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sutton SK, Davidson RJ (1997) Prefrontal brain asymmetry: a biological substrate of the behavioral approach and Inhibition systems. Psychol Sci 8(3):204\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00413.x","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(92)90065-T","volume":"20","author":"RJ Davidson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davidson RJ (1992) Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain Cogn 20(1):125\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0278-2626(92)90065-T","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1310","volume":"74","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones E, Allen JJ (1998) Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. J Personal Soc Psychol 74(5):1310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1310","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.5.797","volume":"80","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones E, Sigelman J (2001) State anger and prefrontal brain activity: evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. J Personal Soc Psychol 80(5):797","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00313-6","volume":"35","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones E (2003) Anger and the behavioral approach system. Pers Indiv Differ 35(5):995\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00313-6","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013965","volume":"135","author":"CS Carver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carver CS, Harmon-Jones E (2009) Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications. Psychol Bull 135(2):183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013965","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44115-4","volume":"9","author":"W Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu W, Zhou X, Xia LX (2019) Brain structures and functional connectivity associated with individual differences in trait proactive aggression. Sci Rep 9(1):7731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44115-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000791","volume":"36","author":"W Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu W, He L, Xia LX (2022) The brain correlates of state proactive aggression. Neuropsychology 36(3):231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000791","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"29","key":"2087_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25160","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03574-1","volume":"42","author":"X Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong X, Quan F, Wang L, Zhu W, Lin D, Xia LX (2023) The relationship among regional Gray matter volume in the brain, machiavellianism and social aggression in emerging adulthood: a voxel-based morphometric study. Curr Psychol 42(29):25160\u201325170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03574-1","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010043","volume":"14","author":"JM Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei JM, Xia LX (2023) Neural correlates of positive outcome expectancy for aggression: evidence from voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity analysis. Brain Sci 14(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14010043","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012","volume":"174","author":"Y Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang Y, Raine A (2009) Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 174(2):81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2087_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110596","volume":"119","author":"M Nikolic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nikolic M, Pezzoli P, Jaworska N, Seto MC (2022) Brain responses in aggression-prone individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of anger-and aggression-eliciting tasks. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 119:110596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110596","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm135","volume":"18","author":"JL Paxton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paxton JL, Barch DM, Racine CA, Braver TS (2008) Cognitive control, goal maintenance, and prefrontal function in healthy aging. Cereb Cortex 18(5):1010\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhm135","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.689","volume":"112","author":"III MacDonald","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacDonald III, A. W., Carter CS (2003) Event-related FMRI study of context processing in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 112(4):689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.689","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2087_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0132170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132170","volume":"10","author":"F Dambacher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dambacher F, Schuhmann T, Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Brugman S, Sack AT (2015) No effects of bilateral tDCS over inferior frontal gyrus on response Inhibition and aggression. PLoS ONE 10(7):0132170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132170","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa158","volume":"17","author":"C Weidler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weidler C, Habel U, Wallheinke P, Wagels L, Hofhansel L, Ling S, Blendy JA, Clemens B (2022) Consequences of prefrontal tDCS on inhibitory control and reactive aggression. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci 17(1):120\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsaa158","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x","volume":"35","author":"SP Taylor","year":"1967","unstructured":"Taylor SP (1967) Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provocation and the tendency to inhibit aggression. J Pers 35(2):297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.007","volume":"7","author":"CS Sergiou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sergiou CS, Santarnecchi E, Romanella SM, Wieser MJ, Franken IH, Rassin EG, van Dongen JD (2022) Transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces reactive aggression and modulates electrophysiological responses in a forensic population. Biol Psychiatry 7(1):95\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2087_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00585","volume":"11","author":"T Rudroff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudroff T, Workman CD, Fietsam AC, Kamholz J (2020) Response variability in transcranial direct current stimulation: why sex matters. Front Psychiatry 11:585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00585","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.018","volume":"15","author":"S Bhattacharjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee S, Kashyap R, Goodwill AM, O\u2019Brien BA, Rapp B, Oishi K, Chen SA (2022) Sex difference in tDCS current mediated by changes in cortical anatomy: a study across young, middle and older adults. Brain Stimul 15(1):125\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"7279","key":"2087_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08711","volume":"463","author":"C Eisenegger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eisenegger C, Naef M, Snozzi R, Heinrichs M, Fehr E (2010) Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature 463(7279):356\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08711","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2087_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00037","volume":"12","author":"L Wagels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wagels L, Votinov M, Kellermann T, Eisert A, Beyer C, Habel U (2018) Exogenous testosterone enhances the reactivity to social provocation in males. Front Behav Neurosci 12:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00037","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12109","volume":"54","author":"JR Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis JR, Reyna C (2015) Seeing red: how perceptions of social status and worth influence hostile attributions and endorsement of aggression. Br J Soc Psychol 54(4):728\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12109","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2087_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab061","volume":"16","author":"M Buades-Rotger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buades-Rotger M, G\u00f6ttlich M, Weiblen R, Petereit P, Scheidt T, Keevil BG, Kr\u00e4mer UM (2021) Low competitive status elicits aggression in healthy young men: behavioural and neural evidence. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci 16(11):1123\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsab061","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.015","volume":"13","author":"A Gallucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallucci A, Riva P, Lauro LJR, Bushman BJ (2020) Stimulating the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) modulates frustration-induced aggression: A tDCS experiment. Brain Stimul 13(2):302\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2087_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749041","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.749041","volume":"15","author":"S Boccadoro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boccadoro S, Wagels L, Henn AT, H\u00fcpen P, Graben L, Raine A, Neuner I (2021) Proactive vs. reactive aggression within two modified versions of the Taylor aggression paradigm. Front Behav Neurosci 15:749041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.749041","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2087_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gramegna C, Franca M, Bolognini N (2025) Modulating interhemispheric prefrontal dynamics of aggressive behavior: sex differences and the association with personal disposition. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01289-x","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-025-01289-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG (2009) Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 41(4):1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2087_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00641","volume":"11","author":"H Thair","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thair H, Holloway AL, Newport R, Smith AD (2017) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a beginner\u2019s guide for design and implementation. Front NeuroSci 11:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00641","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2087_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015","volume":"126","author":"A Fertonani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fertonani A, Ferrari C, Miniussi C (2015) What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects. Clin Neurophysiol 126(11):2181\u20132188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.007","volume":"5","author":"SK Kessler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kessler SK, Turkeltaub PE, Benson JG, Hamilton RH (2012) Differences in the experience of active and Sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimul 5(2):155\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.007","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2087_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knehans R, Schuhmann T, Roef D, Nelen H\u00c0, Campo J, Lobbestael J (2022) Modulating behavioural and self-reported aggression with non-invasive brain stimulation: a literature review. Brain Sci 12(2):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12020200","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020200"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.452","volume":"63","author":"AH Buss","year":"1992","unstructured":"Buss AH, Perry M (1992) The aggression questionnaire. J Personal Soc Psychol 63(3):452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.452","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2087_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.19.1.54","volume":"19","author":"A Fossati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fossati A, Maffei C, Acquarini E, Ceglie A, Di (2003) Multigroup confirmatory component and factor analyses of the Italian version of the aggression questionnaire. Eur J Psychol Assess 19:54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759.19.1.54","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115","volume":"32","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, Gatzke-Kopp L, Lynam D, Reynolds C, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Liu J (2006) The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behav 32(2):159\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20115","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014743","volume":"21","author":"A Fossati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fossati A, Raine A, Borroni S, Bizzozero A, Volpi E, Santalucia I, Maffei C (2009) A cross-cultural study of the psychometric properties of the reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire among Italian nonclinical adolescents. Psychol Assess 21(1):131\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014743","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"2087_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51(6):768\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6%3C768::AID-JCLP2270510607%3E3.0.CO;2-1","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR79","first-page":"107","volume":"13","author":"P Albiero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Albiero P, Ingoglia S, Coco AL (2006) Contributo all\u2019adattamento Italiano dell\u2019interpersonal reactivity index. Test Psicometria Metodologia 13(2):107\u2013125","journal-title":"Test Psicometria Metodologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113","volume":"44","author":"MH Davis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Davis MH (1983) Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Personal Soc Psychol 44(1):113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acab100","volume":"37","author":"O Maddaluno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maddaluno O, Aiello EN, Roncoroni C, Prunas A, Bolognini N (2022) The reading the Mind in the eyes test, Iowa gambling task and interpersonal reactivity index: normative data in an Italian population sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 37(5):929\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acab100","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2087_CR82","volume-title":"IBM corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 28.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2021","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2021) IBM corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 28.0. IBM Corp, Armonk"},{"key":"2087_CR83","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.1.159","volume":"106","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones E, Allen JJ (1997) Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 106(1):159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.106.1.159","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2087_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gavazzi G, Giovannelli F, Noferini C, Cincotta M, Cavaliere C, Salvatore M et al (2023) Subregional prefrontal cortex recruitment as a function of inhibitory demand: an fMRI metanalysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 152:105285.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105285"},{"key":"2087_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jao CW, Lau CI, Lien LM, Tsai YF, Chu KE, Hsiao CY et al (2021) Using fractal dimension analysis with the Desikan\u2013Killiany atlas to assess the effects of normal aging on subregional cortex alterations in adulthood. Brain Sci 11(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010107","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010107"},{"key":"2087_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1739-5","volume":"223","author":"J Repple","year":"2018","unstructured":"Repple J, Habel U, Wagels L et al (2018) Sex differences in the neural correlates of aggression. Brain Struct Function 223:4115\u20134124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-018-1739-5","journal-title":"Brain Struct Function"},{"issue":"3","key":"2087_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000098","volume":"6","author":"F Mancke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mancke F, Herpertz SC, Bertsch K (2015) Aggression in borderline personality disorder: a multidimensional model. Personality Disord 6(3):278\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000098","journal-title":"Personality Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2087_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0391-6","volume":"263","author":"K Bertsch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bertsch K, Grothe M, Prehn K, Vohs K, Berger C, Hauenstein K, Keiper P, Domes G, Teipel S, Herpertz SC (2013) Brain volumes differ between diagnostic groups of violent criminal offenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci 263(7):593\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-013-0391-6","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.716","volume":"19","author":"BA V\u00f6llm","year":"2009","unstructured":"V\u00f6llm BA, Zhao L, Richardson P, Clark L, Deakin JF, Williams S, Dolan MC (2009) A voxel-based morphometric MRI study in men with borderline personality disorder: preliminary findings. Criminal Behav Mental Health: CBMH 19(1):64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.716","journal-title":"Criminal Behav Mental Health: CBMH"},{"key":"2087_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023084112561","volume":"33","author":"DF Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor DF, Steingard RJ, Anderson JJ, Melloni RH (2003) Gender differences in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 33:279\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1023084112561","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"2087_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.05.061","volume":"101","author":"CP Barlett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barlett CP (2016) Exploring the correlations between emerging adulthood, dark triad traits, and aggressive behavior. Pers Indiv Differ 101:293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.05.061","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2087_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.06.031","volume":"47","author":"M Cima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cima M, Raine A (2009) Distinct characteristics of psychopathy relate to different subtypes of aggression. Pers Indiv Differ 47(8):835\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2009.06.031","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"2087_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.07.009","volume":"49","author":"S Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin S, Zabala C, Del-Monte J, Graziani P, Aizpurua E, Barry TJ, Ricarte J (2019) Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. Aggress Violent Beh 49:101314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.07.009","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"4","key":"2087_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000141","volume":"8","author":"C Garofalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garofalo C, Velotti P, Zavattini GC (2018) Emotion regulation and aggression: the incremental contribution of alexithymia, impulsivity, and emotion dysregulation facets. Psychol Violence 8(4):470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000141","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"2087_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2021_35_522","volume":"35","author":"IM Palumbo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palumbo IM, Latzman RD (2021) Parsing associations between dimensions of empathy and reactive and proactive aggression. J Personal Disord 35:56\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2021_35_522","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2087_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2012.01902.x","volume":"20","author":"J Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu J, Lewis G, Evans L (2013) Understanding aggressive behaviour across the lifespan. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 20(2):156\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2012.01902.x","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2087_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.11.008","volume":"51","author":"JM Reingle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reingle JM, Maldonado-Molina MM, Jennings WG, Komro KA (2012) Racial\/ethnic differences in trajectories of aggression in a longitudinal sample of high-risk, urban youth. J Adolesc Health 51(1):45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.11.008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2087_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21770","volume":"44","author":"KC Runions","year":"2018","unstructured":"Runions KC, Salmivalli C, Shaw T, Burns S, Cross D (2018) Beyond the reactive-proactive dichotomy: rage, revenge, reward, and recreational aggression predict early high school bully and bully\/victim status. Aggressive Behav 44(5):501\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21770","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"key":"2087_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fumagalli M, Vergari M, Pasqualetti P, Marceglia S, Mameli F, Ferrucci R et al (2010) Brain switches utilitarian behavior: does gender make the difference? PloS One 5(1):8865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008865"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:49:29Z","timestamp":1770983369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}