{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:00:31Z","timestamp":1780542031263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Height fear might involve dysfunctional, implicit biases in attention and avoidance in the presence of height-related stimuli. The present study used an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) for fear of heights to investigate the association between height fear and alterations in attention and approach-avoidance tendencies. The AAT for height-related stimuli assessed individuals\u2019 response times when pulling or pushing height-related vs. control images. Self-reported and interview-based measures of height fear were used to measure associations with selective attention and implicit avoidance in a height-related AAT. Self-reported height avoidance was associated with slower responses to height-related images relative to control images, suggesting changes in selective attention for height-related stimuli. A similar pattern of findings was found when using interview-based measures of height fear. We did not find associations between subjective measures of height fear and implicit avoidance bias in the AAT. Our results provide initial support for alterations in selective attention for height-related stimuli in height-fearful individuals. While the AAT may be effective in identifying biased attentional processing, further research is required to draw conclusions about potential avoidance biases in the AAT related to height-fear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:46:08Z","timestamp":1755837968000},"page":"1867-1877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring implicit bias in height-fearful participants with the Approach-Avoidance Task"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Kayleigh","family":"Piovesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Rinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Zlomuzica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.3.323","volume":"133","author":"D Algom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Algom D, Chajut E, Lev S (2004) A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect. J Exp Psychol Gen 133:323\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.133.3.323","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"2096_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000172","volume":"16","author":"I Amir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amir I, Zvielli A, Bernstein A (2016) (De)coupling of our eyes and our mind\u2019s eye: a dynamic process perspective on attentional bias. Emotion 16:978\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000172","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00835-7","volume":"27","author":"L Ascone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ascone L, Wirtz J, Mellentin AI, Kugler D, Bremer T, Schadow F, Hoppe S, Jebens C, K\u00fchn S (2023) Transferring the approach avoidance task into virtual reality: a study in patients with alcohol use disorder versus healthy controls. Virtual Real 27:2711\u20132722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00835-7","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"2096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(73)90071-5","volume":"11","author":"BL Baker","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baker BL, Cohen DC, Saunders JT (1973) Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia. Behav Res Ther 11:79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(73)90071-5","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.1","volume":"133","author":"Y Bar-Haim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH (2007) Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Bull 133:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.1","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734","volume":"10","author":"AT Beck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck AT, Haigh EAP (2014) Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model**. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 10:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00387-7","volume":"4","author":"D Bentz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bentz D, Wang N, Ibach MK, Schicktanz NS, Zimmer A, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJF (2021) Effectiveness of a stand-alone, smartphone-based virtual reality exposure app to reduce fear of heights in real-life: a randomized trial. Npj Digit Med 4:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00387-7","journal-title":"Npj Digit Med"},{"key":"2096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(80)90033-9","volume":"18","author":"P Bourque","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bourque P, Ladouceur R (1980) An investigation of various performance-based treatments with acrophobics. Behav Res Ther 18:161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(80)90033-9","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-017-0947-6","volume":"83","author":"A Chapman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chapman A, Devue C, Grimshaw GM (2019) Fleeting reliability in the dot-probe task. Psychol Res 83:308\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-017-0947-6","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"2096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167299025002007","volume":"25","author":"M Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen M, Bargh JA (1999) Consequences of automatic evaluation: immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 25:215\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167299025002007","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2096_CR11","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment","author":"D Clark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clark D, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In: Heimberg R, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (eds) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment. Guilford Press, New York, pp 69\u201393"},{"key":"2096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2011.638054","volume":"26","author":"PJF Clarke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clarke PJF, MacLeod C, Guastella AJ (2013) Assessing the role of spatial engagement and disengagement of attention in anxiety-linked attentional bias: a critique of current paradigms and suggestions for future research directions. Anxiety Stress Coping 26:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2011.638054","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"2096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(77)80116-0","volume":"8","author":"DC Cohen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cohen DC (1977) Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia. Behav Ther 8:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(77)80116-0","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.508887","volume":"25","author":"RM Cooper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cooper RM, Bailey JE, Diaper A, Stirland R, Renton LE, Benton CP, Penton-Voak IS, Nutt DJ, Munaf\u00f2 MR (2011) Effects of 7.5% CO2 inhalation on allocation of spatial attention to facial cues of emotional expression. Cogn Emot 25:626\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2010.508887","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"2096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.3.212","volume":"173","author":"G Curtis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Curtis G, Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen H-U, Kessler RC (1998) Specific fears and phobias: epidemiology and classification. Br J Psychiatry 173:212\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.173.3.212","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10004-3","volume":"35","author":"GCL Davey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davey GCL, Menzies R, Gallardo B (1997) Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther 35:997\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10004-3","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0291-z","volume":"43","author":"MFIA Depla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Depla MFIA, ten Have ML, van Balkom AJLM, de Graaf R (2008) Specific fears and phobias in the general population: results from The Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:200\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-007-0291-z","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiler T, Gr\u00fcnewald A, Br\u00fcck R (2019) Fighting Substance Dependency Combining AAT Therapy and Virtual Reality with Game Design Elements: In: Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Prague, Czech Republic, pp 28\u201337","DOI":"10.5220\/0007362100002108"},{"key":"2096_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00023-7","volume":"40","author":"PMG Emmelkamp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Emmelkamp PMG, Krijn M, Hulsbosch AM, de Vries S, Schuemie MJ, van der Mast CAPG (2002) Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia. Behav Res Ther 40:509\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00023-7","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ (1994) Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord 16:363\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363"},{"key":"2096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9509-9","volume":"37","author":"TA Fergus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fergus TA, Bardeen JR, Wu KD (2013) Intolerance of uncertainty and uncertainty-Related attentional biases: evidence of facilitated engagement or disengagement difficulty?? Cogn Ther Res 37:735\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-012-9509-9","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"2096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30226-8","volume":"5","author":"D Freeman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freeman D, Haselton P, Freeman J, Spanlang B, Kishore S, Albery E, Denne M, Brown P, Slater M, Nickless A (2018) Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 5:625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30226-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2096_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.09.001","volume":"51","author":"MW Gallagher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gallagher MW, Payne LA, White KS, Shear KM, Woods SW, Gorman JM, Barlow DH (2013) Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: the unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity. Behav Res Ther 51:767\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2013.09.001","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204380872311515","DOI":"10.1177\/20438087231151502","volume":"14","author":"M Grill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grill M, Haberkamp A (2023) Out of control: the role of spider movement and intolerance of uncertainty in spider fear. J Exp Psychopathol 14:20438087231151502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20438087231151502","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"key":"2096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.20.1.47","volume":"20","author":"LS Guy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guy LS, Poythress NG, Douglas KS, Skeem JL, Edens JF (2008) Correspondence between self-report and interview-based assessments of antisocial personality disorder. Psychol Assess 20:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.20.1.47","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.08.010","volume":"45","author":"K Heuer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heuer K, Rinck M, Becker ES (2007) Avoidance of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety: the Approach\u2013Avoidance Task. Behav Res Ther 45:2990\u20133001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2007.08.010","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.52.1.26","volume":"52","author":"A Hinz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinz A, Schumacher J, Albani C, Schmid G, Br\u00e4hler E (2006) Bev\u00f6lkerungsrepr\u00e4sentative normierung der Skala Zur allgemeinen selbstwirksamkeitserwartung. Diagnostica 52:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.52.1.26","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"2096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6685-1","volume":"260","author":"D Huppert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huppert D, Grill E, Brandt T (2013) Down on heights? One in three has visual height intolerance. J Neurol 260:597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6685-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huppert D, Grill E, Brandt T (2017) A new questionnaire for estimating the severity of visual height intolerance and acrophobia by a metric interval scale. Front Neurol 8:211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00211","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00211"},{"key":"2096_CR30","unstructured":"Inquisit 6 [Computer software] (2022) Retrieved from https:\/\/www.millisecond.com"},{"key":"2096_CR31","unstructured":"JASP Team (2024) JASP (Version 0.17.2.1)[Computer software]"},{"key":"2096_CR32","unstructured":"Jerusalem M, Schwarzer R (2003) SWE - Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung"},{"key":"2096_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214998","volume":"14","author":"M Joyal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joyal M, Wensing T, Levasseur-Moreau J, Leblond J, Sack AT, Fecteau S (2019) Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 14:e0214998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214998","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02109-1","author":"S Kahveci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kahveci S, Rinck M, van Alebeek H, Blechert J (2023) How pre-processing decisions affect the reliability and validity of the approach\u2013avoidance task: evidence from simulations and multiverse analyses with six datasets. Behav Res Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-023-02109-1","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102626","volume":"151","author":"N Kakoschke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kakoschke N, Page R, de Courten B, Verdejo-Garcia A, McCormack J (2021) Brain training with the body in mind: towards gamified approach-avoidance training using virtual reality. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 151:102626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102626","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"key":"2096_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-018-9934-5","volume":"42","author":"I Kampmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kampmann I, Emmelkamp P, Morina N (2018) Does exposure therapy lead to changes in attention bias and Approach-Avoidance bias in patients with social anxiety disorder?? Cogn Ther Res 42:856\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-018-9934-5","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"2096_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.006","volume":"129","author":"J Karsten","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karsten J, Nolen WA, Penninx BWJH, Hartman CA (2011) Subthreshold anxiety better defined by symptom self-report than by diagnostic interview. J Affect Disord 129:236\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.006","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2096_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9402-7","volume":"20","author":"AM Klein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klein AM, Becker ES, Rinck M (2011) Approach and avoidance tendencies in spider fearful children: the Approach-Avoidance task. J Child Fam Stud 20:224\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-010-9402-7","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"2096_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226805","volume":"14","author":"B Lange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lange B, Pauli P (2019) Social anxiety changes the way we move\u2014A social approach-avoidance task in a virtual reality CAVE system. PLoS ONE 14:e0226805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226805","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2096_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.04.008","volume":"46","author":"W-G Lange","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lange W-G, Keijsers G, Becker ES, Rinck M (2008) Social anxiety and evaluation of social crowds: explicit and implicit measures. Behav Res Ther 46:932\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2008.04.008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440008400288","volume":"15","author":"A Leganger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leganger A, Kraft P, R\u2298ysamb E (2000) Perceived self-efficacy in health behaviour research: conceptualisation, measurement and correlates. Psychol Health 15:51\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870440008400288","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"2096_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283660","volume":"18","author":"A Lipp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipp A, Zhang XC, Dere E, Zlomuzica A (2023) The role of self-efficacy in specific fears. PLoS ONE 18:e0283660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283660","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2096_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101825","volume":"77","author":"A Loijen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loijen A, Vrijsen JN, Egger JIM, Becker ES, Rinck M (2020) Biased approach-avoidance tendencies in psychopathology: a systematic review of their assessment and modification. Clin Psychol Rev 77:101825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101825","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2096_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103858","volume":"141","author":"A Machulska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Machulska A, Eiler TJ, Kleinke K, Gr\u00fcnewald A, Br\u00fcck R, Jahn K, Niehaves B, Klucken T (2021) Approach bias retraining through virtual reality in smokers willing to quit smoking: a randomized-controlled study. Behav Res Ther 141:103858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103858","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116464","volume":"10","author":"A Machulska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machulska A, Zlomuzica A, Adolph D, Rinck M, Margraf J (2015) A cigarette a day keeps the goodies away: smokers show automatic approach tendencies for smoking\u2014but not for food-related stimuli. PLoS ONE 10:e0116464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116464","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2096_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.11.015","volume":"76","author":"A Machulska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machulska A, Zlomuzica A, Rinck M, Assion H-J, Margraf J (2016) Approach bias modification in inpatient psychiatric smokers. J Psychiatr Res 76:44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.11.015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2096_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15","volume":"95","author":"C MacLeod","year":"1986","unstructured":"MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P (1986) Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 95:15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.2.163","volume":"109","author":"CM MacLeod","year":"1991","unstructured":"MacLeod CM (1991) Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 109:163\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.109.2.163","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2096_CR49","unstructured":"Margraf J, Cwik JC (2017) Mini-DIPS open access"},{"key":"2096_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90104-4","volume":"23","author":"A Mathews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mathews A, MacLeod C (1985) Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behav Res Ther 23:563\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90104-4","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000518","volume":"16","author":"A Mathews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mathews A, MacLeod C (2002) Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cogn Emot 16:331\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930143000518","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"2096_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales-Rodr\u00edguez FM, P\u00e9rez-M\u00e1rmol JM (2019) The Role of Anxiety, Coping Strategies, and Emotional Intelligence on General Perceived Self-Efficacy in University Students.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01689"},{"key":"2096_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morriss J, Lee CE, Wood A, Zhang J, Seabrooke T (2024) Attentional bias to uncertainty-based information: a conceptual replication of Fergus (2013). Curr Psychol 43:24279\u201324286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-024-06067-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06067-5"},{"key":"2096_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a","volume":"195","author":"PJ Norton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Norton PJ, Price EC (2007) A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 195:521\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2096_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2008.00602.x","volume":"117","author":"FMD Oosterink","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oosterink FMD, De Jongh A, Hoogstraten J (2009) Prevalence of dental fear and phobia relative to other fear and phobia subtypes. Eur J Oral Sci 117:135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2008.00602.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"2096_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01191","volume":"10","author":"F Raeder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raeder F, Karbach L, Struwe H, Margraf J, Zlomuzica A (2019) Low perceived self-efficacy impedes discriminative fear learning. Front Psychol 10:1191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01191","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3","volume":"35","author":"RM Rapee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rapee RM, Heimberg RG (1997) A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav Res Ther 35:741\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.001","volume":"38","author":"M Rinck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rinck M, Becker ES (2007) Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 38:105\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.001","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2096_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000184","volume":"125","author":"TL Rodebaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodebaugh TL, Scullin RB, Langer JK, Dixon DJ, Huppert JD, Bernstein A, Zvielli A, Lenze EJ (2016) Unreliability as a threat to understanding psychopathology: the cautionary tale of attentional bias. J Abnorm Psychol 125:840\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000184","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.11.008","volume":"48","author":"K Roelofs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roelofs K, Putman P, Schouten S, Lange W-G, Volman I, Rinck M (2010) Gaze direction differentially affects avoidance tendencies to happy and angry faces in socially anxious individuals. Behav Res Ther 48:290\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2009.11.008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0506-6","volume":"23","author":"F Sch\u00e4ffler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4ffler F, M\u00fcller M, Huppert D, Brandt T, Tiffe T, Grill E (2014) Consequences of visual height intolerance for quality of life: a qualitative study. Qual Life Res 23:697\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-013-0506-6","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2096_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.18.3.242","volume":"18","author":"U Scholz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scholz U, Do\u00f1a BG, Sud S, Schwarzer R (2002) Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. Eur J Psychol Assess 18:242\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759.18.3.242","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2096_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.09.004","volume":"43","author":"K Schuck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schuck K, Keijsers G, Rinck M (2012) Implicit processes in pathological skin picking: responses to skin irregularities predict symptom severity and treatment susceptibility. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 43:685\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.09.004","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2096_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047274","volume":"59","author":"AK Solarz","year":"1960","unstructured":"Solarz AK (1960) Latency of instrumental responses as a function of compatibility with the meaning of eliciting verbal signs. J Exp Psychol 59:239\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0047274","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.05.001","volume":"25","author":"SA Steinman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steinman SA, Teachman BA (2011) Cognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the heights interpretation questionnaire. J Anxiety Disord 25:896\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.05.001","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"2096_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036023","volume":"82","author":"SA Steinman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinman SA, Teachman BA (2014) Reaching new heights: comparing interpretation bias modification to exposure therapy for extreme height fear. J Consult Clin Psychol 82:404\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036023","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","volume":"18","author":"JR Stroop","year":"1935","unstructured":"Stroop JR (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 18:643\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0054651","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.8.2.296","volume":"8","author":"BA Teachman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Teachman BA, Stefanucci JK, Clerkin EM, Cody MW, Proffitt DR (2008) A new mode of fear expression: perceptual bias in height fear. Emot Wash DC 8:296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.8.2.296","journal-title":"Emot Wash DC"},{"key":"2096_CR69","first-page":"505","volume-title":"Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation","author":"DM Tice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tice DM, Masicampo EJ (2008) Approach and avoidance motivations in the self-concept and self-esteem. Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation. Psychology, New York pp 505\u2013519"},{"key":"2096_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104812","volume":"140","author":"J Todd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todd J, Wilson E, Coutts-Bain D, Clarke PJF (2022) Attentional bias variability and its association with psychological and health symptoms: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 140:104812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104812","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2096_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02411","volume":"10","author":"A Wannemueller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wannemueller A, Gruszka P, Chwalek S, Fr\u00f6hlich S, Mulders M, Schaumburg S, Sch\u00f6ttes J, Wiederhold S, Margraf J (2019) Large-group one-session treatment: feasibility in highly height fearful individuals and predictors of outcome. Front Psychol 10:2411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02411","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2096_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90077-6","volume":"27","author":"R Warren","year":"1989","unstructured":"Warren R, Zgourides G, Jones A (1989) Cognitive bias and irrational belief as predictors of avoidance. Behav Res Ther 27:181\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90077-6","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR73","volume-title":"Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders","author":"JMG Williams","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Mathews A (1988) Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Wiley, Oxford"},{"key":"2096_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(85)80041-1","volume":"16","author":"SL Williams","year":"1985","unstructured":"Williams SL, Watson N (1985) Perceived danger and perceived self-efficacy as cognitive determinants of acrophobic behavior. Behav Ther 16:136\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(85)80041-1","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"2096_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105294","volume":"165","author":"CE Wittekind","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wittekind CE, Blechert J, Schiebel T, Lender A, Kahveci S, K\u00fchn S (2021) Comparison of different response devices to assess behavioral tendencies towards chocolate in the approach-avoidance task. Appetite 165:105294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105294","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2096_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111415364","volume":"20","author":"JD Zeier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zeier JD, Newman JP (2013) Both self-report and interview-based measures of psychopathy predict attention abnormalities in criminal offenders. Assessment 20:610\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191111415364","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2096_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15295","volume":"55","author":"A Zlomuzica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zlomuzica A, Lange M, Reher S, Machulska A, Rinck M (2022) The effects of psychological stress on approach tendencies for smoking-related cues in smokers. Eur J Neurosci 55:2581\u20132591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.15295","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2096_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0793-y","volume":"268","author":"A Zlomuzica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zlomuzica A, Machulska A, Roberts S, von Glischinski M, Rinck M, Lester KJ, Eley TC, Margraf J (2018) The dopamine D2 receptor mediates approach-avoidance tendencies in smokers. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268:261\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-017-0793-y","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2096_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zlomuzica A, Preusser F, Schneider S, Margraf J (2015) Increased perceived self-efficacy facilitates the extinction of fear in healthy participants. Front Behav Neurosci 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00270","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00270"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:03:57Z","timestamp":1780538637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02096-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}