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The relationship between chemsex use and childhood trauma remains insufficiently explored. This study examined differences between chemsex users and an control group in substance use patterns, childhood trauma, and assessed associations between trauma severity and substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a matched case-control design, 31 chemsex users and matched controls were assessed. Substance use patterns were investigated using a structured interview based on the checklist of the Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) Basic Drug Interview, childhood trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Group differences were analyzed using Fisher\u2019s exact test and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests with mean ranks. Associations were tested using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chemsex users showed significantly higher rates of substance use across multiple drug classes compared to controls (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .016), with odds ratios ranging from 3.9 (amphetamines) to 435.0 (methamphetamine). Childhood trauma differed significantly only for emotional abuse (U\u2009=\u2009229.50,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .020), while no differences were found for other CTQ subscales. No significant correlations emerged between trauma severity and the extend of substance use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional abuse may contribute to the development of chemsex-related substance use patterns. Future research should further clarify the etiological specificity of childhood trauma dimensions in chemsex contexts. Beyond minority stress frameworks, additional explanatory models may enhance understanding of chemsex and inform prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-026-02400-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:30:19Z","timestamp":1791189019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemsex and childhood trauma: evidence from a explorative matched case-control analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Strasburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Karcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Carina","family":"Heier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Halms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakia","family":"Gabsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Hentschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Tufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rabenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Gertzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2024.2367614","volume":"57","author":"L Muschialli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muschialli L, Yang JC, Engstrom T et al (2025) Sexualized drug use and chemsex: A bibliometric and content analysis of published literature. 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Marcus Gertzen received his salary support from the Bezirkskliniken Schwaben and research funding from the Medical Faculty of the University of Augsburg. In addition, the author has received honoraria for lectures from Gilead and Hexal, as well as from various addiction and AIDS support organizations in Germany and Austria. Marcus Gertzen further serves as a specialist consultant on addiction issues for the administrative district of Swabia. Additional academic and teaching activities include a position as paid lecturer at the Kirinus Academy. The author is also a founding member of the initiative \u201cJunge Suchtmedizin\u201d, serves as chair of the board of BISS e.V. (federal initiative on sexualized substance use), and holds the position of chair of the section \u201cSexual orientation and Identities in Psychiatry and Psychothera-py\u201d within the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN). All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. For the preparation of the manuscript, language editing was performed using ChatGPT, version GPT-5.3.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}