{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:37:13Z","timestamp":1780605433483,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T11:16:14Z","timestamp":1447240574000},"page":"43-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Impact of Sedation on Cognitive Function in Mechanically Ventilated Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Jahan","family":"Porhomayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"El-Solh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Adlparvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Jaoude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader D.","family":"Nader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.06.019","volume":"28","author":"P Mansouri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mansouri P et al (2013) Implementation of a protocol for integrated management of pain, agitation, and delirium can improve clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial. J Crit Care 28(6):918\u2013922","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"9820_CR2","first-page":"1216","volume":"13","author":"S Mehta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehta S et al (2014) Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med 13:1216\u20131227","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3280803d4b","volume":"20","author":"RD Griffiths","year":"2007","unstructured":"Griffiths RD, Jones C (2007) Delirium, cognitive dysfunction and posttraumatic stress disorder. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 20(2):124\u2013129","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR4","first-page":"79","volume":"6","author":"J Porhomayon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porhomayon J, Kolesnikov S, Nader ND (2014) The impact of stress hormones on post-traumatic stress disorders symptoms and memory in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 6(2):79\u201384","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Thorac Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-299FR","volume":"12","author":"P Jaoude","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaoude P et al (2015) Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(2):259\u2013268","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR6","first-page":"155","volume":"22","author":"MH Hamid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamid MH et al (2012) Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 22(3):155\u2013158","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0b013e3181e3990b","volume":"37","author":"TR Meyers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyers TR (2010) Preventing heel pressure ulcers and plantar flexion contractures in high-risk sedated patients. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs 37(4):372\u2013378","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"9820_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182606239","volume":"73","author":"M Newkirk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newkirk M et al (2012) Checklists change communication about key elements of patient care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73(2 Suppl 1):S75\u2013S82","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208705","volume":"370","author":"MC Reade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reade MC, Finfer S (2014) Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 370(5):444\u2013454","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.03.037","volume":"24","author":"MA Tanios","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tanios MA et al (2009) Perceived barriers to the use of sedation protocols and daily sedation interruption: a multidisciplinary survey. J Crit Care 24(1):66\u201373","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000254334.46406.B3","volume":"35","author":"JP Kress","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kress JP et al (2007) Daily sedative interruption in mechanically ventilated patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Crit Care Med 35(2):365\u2013371","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000127263.54807.79","volume":"32","author":"WD Schweickert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schweickert WD et al (2004) Daily interruption of sedative infusions and complications of critical illness in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 32(6):1272\u20131276","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R293","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10586","volume":"15","author":"T Strom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strom T, Stylsvig M, Toft P (2011) Long-term psychological effects of a no-sedation protocol in critically ill patients. Crit Care 15(6):R293","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8","volume":"111","author":"Y Skrobik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skrobik Y et al (2010) Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesth Analg 111(2):451\u2013463","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181921f7e","volume":"30","author":"C Fry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fry C, Edelman LS, Cochran A (2009) Response to a nursing-driven protocol for sedation and analgesia in a burn-trauma ICU. J Burn Care Res 30(1):112\u2013118","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"9820_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porhomayon J et al (2013) Pre- and post-intervention study to assess the impact of a sedation protocol in critically ill surgical patients. J Surg Res 184(2):966-72.e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.03.065"},{"issue":"7","key":"9820_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-014-0174-1","volume":"61","author":"LD Burry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burry LD et al (2014) Analgesic, sedative, antipsychotic, and neuromuscular blocker use in Canadian intensive care units: a prospective, multicentre, observational study. Can J Anaesth 61(7):619\u2013630","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22279","volume":"31","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stein DJ et al (2014) DSM-5 and ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating \u201cnarrow\u201d and \u201cbroad\u201d approaches. Depress Anxiety 31(6):494\u2013505","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"9820_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x","volume":"1208","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andreasen NC (2010) Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1208:67\u201371","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.10.004","volume":"24","author":"A Boals","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boals A, Hathaway LM (2010) The importance of the DSM-IV E and F criteria in self-report assessments of PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 24(1):161\u2013166","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20130026","volume":"25","author":"JP Carvalho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carvalho JP, de Almeida AR, Gusmao-Flores D (2013) Delirium rating scales in critically ill patients: a systematic literature review. Rev Bras Ter Intensive 25(2):148\u2013154","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensive"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2014.05.002","volume":"30","author":"P Gaspardo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaspardo P et al (2014) Delirium among critically ill adults: evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Italian \u2018Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit\u2019. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 30(5):283\u2013291","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824e16c9","volume":"40","author":"AS Neto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neto AS et al (2012) Delirium screening in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 40(6):1946\u20131951","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1342972","volume":"34","author":"BT Pun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pun BT, Devlin JW (2013) Delirium monitoring in the ICU: strategies for initiating and sustaining screening efforts. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34(2):179\u2013188","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11407","volume":"16","author":"D Gusmao-Flores","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gusmao-Flores D et al (2012) The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Crit Care 16(4):R115","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"9820_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","volume":"166","author":"CN Sessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sessler CN et al (2002) The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(10):1338\u20131344","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7748\/en2010.06.18.3.18.c7825","volume":"18","author":"R Dawson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dawson R, von Fintel N, Nairn S (2010) Sedation assessment using the Ramsay scale. Emerg Nurse 18(3):18\u201320","journal-title":"Emerg Nurse"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.11.010","volume":"44","author":"JJ Arevalo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arevalo JJ et al (2012) Palliative sedation: reliability and validity of sedation scales. J Pain Symptom Manag 44(5):704\u2013714","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.6.1883","volume":"126","author":"C Weinert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weinert C, McFarland L (2004) The state of intubated ICU patients: development of a two-dimensional sedation rating scale for critically ill adults. Chest 126(6):1883\u20131890","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"9820_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199907000-00022","volume":"27","author":"RR Riker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL (1999) Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 27(7):1325\u20131329","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100912","volume":"27","author":"RR Riker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Riker RR et al (2001) Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 27(5):853\u2013858","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-5153.2008.00305.x","volume":"13","author":"P Moons","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moons P, Boriau M, Ferdinande P (2008) Self-extubation risk assessment tool: predictive validity in a real-life setting. Nurs Crit Care 13(6):310\u2013314","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2005.06.006","volume":"21","author":"LT Gustad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gustad LT, Chaboyer W, Wallis M (2005) Performance of the Faces Anxiety Scale in patients transferred from the ICU. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 21(6):355\u2013360","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1667","volume":"140","author":"NK Adhikari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adhikari NK et al (2011) Self-reported depressive symptoms and memory complaints in survivors five years after ARDS. Chest 140(6):1484\u20131493","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.02.007","volume":"22","author":"JG Beck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beck JG et al (2008) The impact of event scale-revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Anxiety Disord 22(2):187\u2013198","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00011","volume":"26","author":"G Schelling","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schelling G et al (1998) Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 26(4):651\u2013659","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.84891","volume":"15","author":"HS Kulkarni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kulkarni HS et al (2011) Comparison of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in relatives of ICU patients in an American and an Indian public hospital. Indian J Crit Care Med 15(3):147\u2013156","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20106","volume":"19","author":"SF Coffey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coffey SF et al (2006) Screening for PTSD in motor vehicle accident survivors using the PSS-SR and IES. J Trauma Stress 19(1):119\u2013128","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/CNQ.0b013e3182a10e8e","volume":"36","author":"S Desai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Desai S, Chau T, George L (2013) Intensive care unit delirium. Crit Care Nurs Q 36(4):370\u2013389","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Q"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1044","volume":"5","author":"M Aldemir","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aldemir M et al (2001) Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care 5(5):265\u2013270","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR41","first-page":"32","volume":"23","author":"T Olson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olson T (2012) Delirium in the intensive care unit: role of the critical care nurse in early detection and treatment. Dynamics 23(4):32\u201336","journal-title":"Dynamics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(03)00092-3","volume":"24","author":"MA Pisani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pisani MA, McNicoll L, Inouye SK (2003) Cognitive impairment in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med 24(4):727\u2013737","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"9820_CR43","first-page":"1026","volume":"78","author":"R Colombo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colombo R et al (2012) A reorientation strategy for reducing delirium in the critically ill. Results of an interventional study. Minerva Anestesiol 78(9):1026\u20131033","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2007.08.005","volume":"24","author":"B Rompaey Van","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Rompaey B et al (2008) Risk factors for intensive care delirium: a systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 24(2):98\u2013107","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96676","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096676","volume":"9","author":"SH Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang SH et al (2014) Predisposing risk factors for delirium in living donor liver transplantation patients in intensive care units. PLoS One 9(5):e96676","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2012.07.003","volume":"26","author":"EE Vasilevskis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vasilevskis EE et al (2012) Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 26(3):277\u2013287","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2014.943760","volume":"2","author":"M Ratzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ratzer M et al (2014) Posttraumatic stress in intensive care unit survivors\u2014a prospective study. Health Psychol Behav Med 2(1):882\u2013898","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR48","first-page":"59","volume":"77","author":"T Strom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strom T, Toft P (2011) Time to wake up the patients in the ICU: a crazy idea or common sense? Minerva Anestesiol 77(1):59\u201363","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a096e8","volume":"37","author":"MC Rijk van","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Rijk MC et al (2009) Posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after critical care: the role of sedation and family. Crit Care Med 37(5):1831\u20131832 (author reply 1832-3)","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9820_CR50","first-page":"944","volume":"79","author":"D Wade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wade D et al (2013) Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol 79(8):944\u2013963","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-5153.2011.00421.x","volume":"16","author":"H Svenningsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Svenningsen H, Tonnesen E (2011) Delirium incidents in three Danish intensive care units. Nurs Crit Care 16(4):186\u2013192","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.10.001","volume":"27","author":"R Talisayon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Talisayon R, Buckley T, McKinley S (2011) Acute post-traumatic stress in survivors of critical illness who were mechanically ventilated: a mixed methods study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 27(6):338\u2013346","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccx.0000168529.23078.64","volume":"11","author":"C Weinert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weinert C (2005) Epidemiology and treatment of psychiatric conditions that develop after critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 11(4):376\u2013380","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.009","volume":"34","author":"A Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma A et al (2012) Incidence, prevalence, risk factor and outcome of delirium in intensive care unit: a study from India. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34(6):639\u2013646","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000108880.97967.C0","volume":"32","author":"G Gamper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gamper G et al (2004) Life after death: posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of cardiac arrest\u2013prevalence, associated factors, and the influence of sedation and analgesia. Crit Care Med 32(2):378\u2013383","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01292.x","volume":"51","author":"KA Samuelson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samuelson KA, Lundberg D, Fridlund B (2007) Stressful memories and psychological distress in adult mechanically ventilated intensive care patients\u2014a 2-month follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51(6):671\u2013678","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5708","volume":"11","author":"TD Girard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Girard TD et al (2007) Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 11(1):R28","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182151961","volume":"71","author":"JC Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson JC et al (2011) A prospective investigation of long-term cognitive impairment and psychological distress in moderately versus severely injured trauma intensive care unit survivors without intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma 71(4):860\u2013866","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2830-2","volume":"39","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shehabi Y et al (2013) Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 39(5):910\u2013918","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819b8608","volume":"37","author":"RP Patel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patel RP et al (2009) Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med 37(3):825\u2013832","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0829-2","volume":"34","author":"CR Weinert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinert CR, Sprenkle M (2008) Post-ICU consequences of patient wakefulness and sedative exposure during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 34(1):82\u201390","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20130034","volume":"25","author":"G Bugedo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bugedo G et al (2013) The implementation of an analgesia-based sedation protocol reduced deep sedation and proved to be safe and feasible in patients on mechanical ventilation. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 25(3):188\u2013196","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0600-8","volume":"33","author":"C Jones","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones C et al (2007) Precipitants of post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care: a hypothesis generating study of diversity in care. Intensive Care Med 33(6):978\u2013985","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"9820_CR64","first-page":"1567","volume":"370","author":"MC Reade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reade MC, Finfer S (2014) Sedation and delirium in intensive care. N Engl J Med 370(16):1567","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9820_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a437d","volume":"41","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shehabi Y et al (2013) Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. Crit Care Med 41(8):1983\u20131991","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9820_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0522OC","volume":"186","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shehabi Y et al (2012) Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(8):724\u2013731","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9820_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade","volume":"40","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seymour CW et al (2012) Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med 40(10):2788\u20132796","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9421-2","volume":"58","author":"RD Sanders","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanders RD, Maze M (2011) Contribution of sedative-hypnotic agents to delirium via modulation of the sleep pathway. Can J Anaesth 58(2):149\u2013156","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"9820_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6147","volume":"12","author":"CN Sessler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sessler CN, Wilhelm W (2008) Analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit: an overview of the issues. Crit Care 12(Suppl 3):S1","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066613510874","volume":"30","author":"R MacLaren","year":"2015","unstructured":"MacLaren R et al (2015) A randomized, double-blind pilot study of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for intensive care unit sedation: patient recall of their experiences and short-term psychological outcomes. J Intensive Care Med 30(3):167\u2013175","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"9820_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1AR708","volume":"47","author":"Y Mo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mo Y, Zimmermann AE (2013) Role of dexmedetomidine for the prevention and treatment of delirium in intensive care unit patients (June). Ann Pharmacother 47:869\u2013876","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2014.03.010","volume":"28","author":"L Pasin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pasin L et al (2014) Dexmedetomidine reduces the risk of delirium, agitation and confusion in critically Ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 28(6):1459\u20131466","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"14","key":"9820_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2165\/11636220-000000000-00000","volume":"72","author":"DJ Roberts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roberts DJ, Haroon B, Hall RI (2012) Sedation for critically ill or injured adults in the intensive care unit: a shifting paradigm. Drugs 72(14):1881\u20131916","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783","volume":"111","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shehabi Y et al (2009) Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology 111(5):1075\u20131084","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 1","key":"9820_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a16898","volume":"41","author":"GL Fraser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraser GL et al (2013) Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41(9 Suppl 1):S30\u2013S38","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.06.027","volume":"81","author":"KE Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown KE et al (2013) Propofol and the risk of delirium: exploring the anticholinergic properties of propofol. Med Hypotheses 81(4):536\u2013539","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000673","volume":"43","author":"JL Mu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mu JL, Lee A, Joynt GM (2015) Pharmacologic agents for the prevention and treatment of delirium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 43(1):194\u2013204","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216040-00004","volume":"16","author":"JP Kelleher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kelleher JP et al (2002) Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents. CNS Drugs 16(4):249\u2013261","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"10","key":"9820_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000284493.89759.A5","volume":"35","author":"LJ Rosenthal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenthal LJ, Kim V, Kim DR (2007) Weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation using an antipsychotic agent in a patient with acute stress disorder. Crit Care Med 35(10):2417\u20132419","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2019","volume":"8","author":"SB Hawkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawkins SB, Bucklin M, Muzyk AJ (2013) Quetiapine for the treatment of delirium. J Hosp Med 8(4):215\u2013220","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302","volume":"38","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devlin JW et al (2010) Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 38(2):419\u2013427","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9820_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1815OC","volume":"189","author":"SB Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel SB et al (2014) Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(6):658\u2013665","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000157","volume":"118","author":"Brown CHt et al","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown CHt et al (2014) Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and survival in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Anesth Analg 118(5):977\u2013980","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"11","key":"9820_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.304","volume":"307","author":"SM Jakob","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jakob SM et al (2012) Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 307(11):1151\u20131160","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR85","first-page":"236","volume":"14","author":"MC Reade","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reade MC, Aitken LM (2012) The problem of definitions in measuring and managing ICU cognitive function. Crit Care Resusc 14(3):236\u2013243","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"7","key":"9820_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","volume":"38","author":"TD Girard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Girard TD et al (2010) Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 38(7):1513\u20131520","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9820_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x","volume":"54","author":"JF Peterson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson JF et al (2006) Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 54(3):479\u2013484","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R375","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3729","volume":"9","author":"JW Thomason","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomason JW et al (2005) Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Crit Care 9(4):R375\u2013R381","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8916","volume":"14","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP et al (2010) Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 14(2):R38","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"22","key":"9820_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","volume":"298","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP et al (2007) Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298(22):2644\u20132653","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"9820_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1296-0","volume":"35","author":"E Ruokonen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruokonen E et al (2009) Dexmedetomidine versus propofol\/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 35(2):282\u2013290","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9820_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-455OC","volume":"168","author":"JP Kress","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kress JP et al (2003) The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(12):1457\u20131461","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9713","key":"9820_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62072-9","volume":"375","author":"T Strom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P (2010) A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 375(9713):475\u2013480","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9820_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-499","volume":"15","author":"P Toft","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toft P et al (2014) Non-sedation versus sedation with a daily wake-up trial in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation (NONSEDA Trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 15:499","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12128","volume":"23","author":"MS Aydogan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aydogan MS et al (2013) Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. Paediatr Anaesth 23(5):446\u2013452","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"9820_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a5689f","volume":"37","author":"MM Treggiari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Treggiari MM et al (2009) Randomized trial of light versus deep sedation on mental health after critical illness. Crit Care Med 37(9):2527\u20132534","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9820_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318215366d","volume":"112","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hughes CG, Pandharipande PP (2011) Review articles: the effects of perioperative and intensive care unit sedation on brain organ dysfunction. Anesth Analg 112(5):1212\u20131217","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"11","key":"9820_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1652-8","volume":"35","author":"JN Schieveld","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schieveld JN et al (2009) Diagnostic considerations regarding pediatric delirium: a review and a proposal for an algorithm for pediatric intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 35(11):1843\u20131849","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9820_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.4.283","volume":"44","author":"RE Kennedy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kennedy RE et al (2003) Use of the cognitive test for delirium in patients with traumatic brain injury. Psychosomatics 44(4):283\u2013289","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9820_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.920303","volume":"19","author":"N Sachs-Ericsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sachs-Ericsson N, Blazer DG (2015) The new DSM-5 diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder and its relation to research in mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 19(1):2\u201312","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"}],"container-title":["Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T18:38:03Z","timestamp":1559068683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-015-9820-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2040","1432-1750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2040","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]}}}