{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:10:27Z","timestamp":1782997827135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2 T32 DK 7201-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 T32 DK 7201-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T16:03:00Z","timestamp":1620921780000},"page":"273-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Association Between Asthma and Risk of Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Pitchaporn","family":"Yingchoncharoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nipith","family":"Charoenngam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Ponvilawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerapas","family":"Thongpiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanat","family":"Chaikijurajai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patompong","family":"Ungprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","volume":"375","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE (2016) Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 375(26):2570\u20132581","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","volume":"14","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ (2015) Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol 14(10):1023\u20131036","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.12.34","volume":"8","author":"MN Meriggioli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB (2012) Muscle autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis: beyond diagnosis? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 8(5):427\u2013438","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.01.002","volume":"36","author":"MK Hehir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hehir MK, Silvestri NJ (2018) Generalized myasthenia gravis: classification, clinical presentation, natural history, and epidemiology. Neurol Clin 36(2):253\u2013260","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.011","volume":"52","author":"S Berrih-Aknin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R (2014) Myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive review of immune dysregulation and etiological mechanisms. J Autoimmun 52:90\u2013100","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21609","volume":"5","author":"JW Mims","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mims JW (2015) Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 5(Suppl 1):S2\u20136","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.103921","volume":"53","author":"L Maddox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maddox L, Schwartz DA (2002) The pathophysiology of asthma. Annu Rev Med 53(1):477\u2013498","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8603-9_2","volume-title":"Heterogeneity in asthma","author":"S Croisant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Croisant S (2014) Epidemiology of asthma: prevalence and burden of disease. Heterogeneity in asthma. Springer, Boston, pp 17\u201329"},{"issue":"2","key":"444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13985","volume":"75","author":"E Sze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sze E, Bhalla A, Nair P (2020) Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for non-T2 asthma. Allergy 75(2):311\u2013325","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05279-x","volume":"40","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charoenngam N et al (2021) Patients with asthma have a higher risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 40(2):529\u2013536","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0312-3","volume":"16","author":"T-C Shen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shen T-C et al (2016) Risk of asthma in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 16(1):152\u2013152","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.07.015","volume":"50","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charoenngam N et al (2020) Patients with asthma have a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50(5):968\u2013976","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8112","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110808112","volume":"11","author":"YP Hsiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsiao YP et al (2014) Atopic diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus: an epidemiological study of the risks and correlations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(8):8112\u20138122","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798124","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3798124","volume":"2018","author":"HE Jeong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeong HE, Jung SM, Cho SI (2018) Association between rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory allergic diseases in Korean adults: a propensity score matched case-control study. Int J Rheumatol 2018:3798124","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.06.022","volume":"6","author":"YH Sheen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheen YH et al (2018) Association of asthma with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 6(1):219\u2013226","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.11.007","volume":"20","author":"K Hemminki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hemminki K et al (2010) Subsequent autoimmune or related disease in asthma patients: clustering of diseases or medical care? Ann Epidemiol 20(3):217\u2013222","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900476","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00476-2019","volume":"54","author":"MT Krishna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krishna MT et al (2019) Allergic diseases and long-term risk of autoimmune disorders: longitudinal cohort study and cluster analysis. Eur Respir J 54(5):1900476","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.06.018","volume":"225","author":"H Murai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murai H et al (2004) High frequency of allergic conjunctivitis in myasthenia gravis without thymoma. J Neurol Sci 225(1\u20132):27\u201331","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.08.627","volume":"276","author":"JD Tsai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai JD et al (2014) Increased subsequent risk of myasthenia gravis in children with allergic diseases. J Neuroimmunol 276(1\u20132):202\u2013206","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"21","key":"444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e835","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000835","volume":"94","author":"JH Yeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yeh JH et al (2015) Higher risk of myasthenia gravis in patients with thyroid and allergic diseases: a national population-based study. Medicine 94(21):e835","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12403","volume":"11","author":"P-H Gong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gong P-H et al (2017) Acute severe asthma with thyroid crisis and myasthenia: a case report and literature review. Clin Respir J 11(6):671\u2013676","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/914719","author":"N Satkunam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Satkunam N, Siddiqi ZA, Vethanayagam D (2014) Severe asthma associated with myasthenia gravis. Can Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/914719","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"444_CR23","first-page":"267","volume":"17","author":"A Souza-Machado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Souza-Machado A, Ponte E, Cruz AA (2007) Severe asthma associated with myasthenia gravis and upper airway obstruction. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 17(4):267\u2013270","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"444_CR24","unstructured":"Wells GA et al (2000) The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Oxford"},{"issue":"3","key":"444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7(3):177\u2013188","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7414","key":"444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP et al (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327(7414):557\u2013560","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00030-1","volume":"76","author":"H Murai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murai H et al (1997) Expression of CD23 in the germinal center of thymus from myasthenia gravis patients. J Neuroimmunol 76(1\u20132):61\u201369","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"444_CR28","first-page":"285","volume":"79","author":"AS Bansal","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bansal AS et al (1993) Variations in serum sCD23 in conditions with either enhanced humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Immunology 79(2):285\u2013289","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03073.x","volume":"22","author":"J Gordon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gordon J (1992) CD23 and B cell activation. Clin Exp Allergy 22(2):199\u2013204","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.015","volume":"191","author":"B Balbino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balbino B et al (2018) Approaches to target IgE antibodies in allergic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 191:50\u201364","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","volume":"18","author":"SJ Galli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galli SJ, Tsai M (2012) IgE and mast cells in allergic disease. Nat Med 18(5):693\u2013704","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.06.025","volume":"126","author":"DS Robinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robinson DS (2010) The role of the T cell in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126(6):1081\u20131091","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349","volume":"18","author":"H Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong H, Zhao C, Luo S (2019) HLA in myasthenia gravis: from superficial correlation to underlying mechanism. Autoimmun Rev 18(9):102349","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13317-019-0124-6","volume":"11","author":"S Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo S, Vogrig A, Honnorat J (2020) Associations between HLA and autoimmune neurological diseases with autoantibodies. Auto Immun Highlights 11(1):2","journal-title":"Auto Immun Highlights"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.10.023","volume":"144","author":"N Schoettler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoettler N et al (2019) Advances in asthma and allergic disease genetics: Is bigger always better? J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(6):1495\u20131506","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2004.00327.x","volume":"64","author":"T Shiina","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiina T, Inoko H, Kulski JK (2004) An update of the HLA genomic region, locus information and disease associations: 2004. Tissue Antigens 64(6):631\u2013649","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"8","key":"444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.06.022","volume":"75","author":"E Kontakioti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kontakioti E et al (2014) HLA and asthma phenotypes\/endotypes: a review. Hum Immunol 75(8):930\u2013939","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2018.0238","volume":"23","author":"SW Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang SW et al (2019) Promoter polymorphism (\u2212\u00a0308G\/A) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) gene and asthma risk: an updated meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomark 23(6):363\u2013372","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomark"},{"issue":"3","key":"444_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2018.08.012","volume":"105","author":"H Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun H et al (2018) Associations of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 polymorphisms with the risk of asthma: a meta-analysis. Exp Mol Pathol 105(3):411\u2013416","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"444_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.06.020","volume":"123","author":"I Mikhail","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mikhail I, Grayson MH (2019) Asthma and viral infections: an intricate relationship. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 123(4):352\u2013358","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"444_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328364d6cd","volume":"26","author":"R Le Panse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Panse R, Berrih-Aknin S (2013) Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: autoantibody mechanisms and new developments on immune regulation. Curr Opin Neurol 26(5):569\u2013576","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8751-9","volume":"265","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilhus NE et al (2018) Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease. J Neurol 265(6):1251\u20131258","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T15:07:51Z","timestamp":1623683271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-021-00444-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2040","1432-1750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2040","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We declare that there is no financial or nonfinancial potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}