{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:55:09Z","timestamp":1791856509777,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 OH011697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 OH011697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200-2017-93325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2017-93325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 OH011300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 OH011300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T13:01:46Z","timestamp":1689771706000},"page":"325-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association of World Trade Center (WTC) Occupational Exposure Intensity with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael E.","family":"de la Hoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9081-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0631-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshay","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto G.","family":"Lucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James E.","family":"Cone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-5320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Celed\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0240-x","volume":"81","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2008","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Shohet MR, Chasan R, Bienenfeld LA, Afilaka AA, Levin SM, Herbert R (2008) Occupational toxicant inhalation injury: the World Trade Center (WTC) experience. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81(4):479\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-007-0240-x","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283449063","volume":"11","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2011","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE (2011) Occupational lower airway disease in relation to World Trade Center inhalation exposure. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 11(2):97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283449063","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021300","volume":"347","author":"DJ Prezant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI, McGuinness G, Rom WN, Aldrich TK, Kelly KJ (2002) Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site. N Engl J Med 347(11):806\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa021300","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9592","volume":"114","author":"R Herbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herbert R, Moline J, Skloot G, Metzger K, Barron S, Luft B, Markowitz S, Udasin I, Harrison D, Stein D, Todd AC, Enright P, Stellman JM, Landrigan PJ, Levin SM (2006) The World Trade Center disaster and the health of workers: five-year assessment of a unique medical screening program. Environ Health Perspect 114(12):1853\u20131858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9592","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9794","key":"636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61180-X","volume":"378","author":"JP Wisnivesky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wisnivesky JP, Teitelbaum S, Todd AC, Boffeta P, Crane M, Crowley L, de la Hoz RE, Dellenbaugh C, Harrison D, Herbert R, Kim H, Jeon Y, Kaplan J, Katz C, Levin S, Luft B, Markowitz S, Moline JM, Ozbay F, Pietrzak RH, Shapiro M, Sharma V, Skloot G, Southwick S, Stevenson L, Udasin I, Wallenstein S, Landrigan PJ (2011) Persistence of multiple illnesses in September 11 rescue workers. Lancet 378(9794):888\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61180-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2018.1452712","volume":"74","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2019","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Weber J, Xu D, Doucette JT, Liu X, Carson DA, Celed\u00f3n JC (2019) Chest CT scan findings in World Trade Center workers. Arch Environ Occup Health 74(5):263\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19338244.2018.1452712","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-018-0125-7","volume":"196","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2018","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Liu X, Doucette JT, Reeves AP, Bienenfeld LA, Wisnivesky JP, Celed\u00f3n JC, Lynch DA, San Jos\u00e9 Est\u00e9par R (2018) Increased airway wall thickness is associated with adverse longitudinal first-second forced expiratory volume trajectories of former World Trade Center workers. Lung 196(4):481\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-018-0125-7","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106058","volume":"170","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2020","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Shapiro M, Nolan A, Celed\u00f3n JC, Szeinuk J, Lucchini RG (2020) Association of low FVC spirometric pattern with WTC occupational exposures. Respir Med 170:106058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106058","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13313","volume":"15","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Reeves AP, Antoniak K, San Jos\u00e9 Est\u00e9par R, Doucette JT, Jeon Y, Weber J, Xu D, Celed\u00f3n JC, de la Hoz RE (2021) Association of quantitative CT lung density measurements with divergent FEV1 trajectories in WTC workers. Clin Respir J 15(6):613\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/crj.13313","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2020.1817935","volume":"58","author":"A Haghighi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haghighi A, Cone JE, Li J, de la Hoz RE (2021) Asthma-COPD overlap in World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees, 2015\u20132016. J Asthma 58(11):1415\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02770903.2020.1817935","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.002","volume":"154","author":"A Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh A, Liu C, Putman B, Zeig-Owens R, Hall CB, Schwartz T, Webber MP, Cohen HW, Berger KI, Nolan A, Prezant DJ, Weiden MD (2018) Predictors of asthma\/COPD overlap in FDNY firefighters with World Trade Center dust exposure: a longitudinal study. Chest 154(6):1301\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20997","volume":"54","author":"SR Woskie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woskie SR, Kim H, Freund A, Stevenson L, Park BY, Baron S, Herbert R, Siegel de Hernandez M, Teitelbaum S, de la Hoz RE, Wisnivesky JP, Landrigan P (2011) World Trade Center disaster: assessment of responder occupations, work locations, and job tasks. Am J Ind Med 54(9):681\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.20997","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0120-4","volume":"10","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2010","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE (2010) Occupational asthma and lower airway disease in former World Trade Center workers and volunteers. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 10(4):287\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-010-0120-4","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0088-0","volume":"10","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2010","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Shohet MR, Cohen JM (2010) Occupational rhinosinusitis and upper airway disease: the World Trade Center experience. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 10(2):77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-010-0088-0","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Christie J, Teamer J, Bienenfeld LA, Afilaka AA, Crane M, Levin SM, Herbert R (2008) Reflux symptoms and disorders and pulmonary disease in former World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers and volunteers. J Occup Environ Med 50 (12):1351-1354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181845f9b","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181845f9b"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2023.2166007","volume":"78","author":"RE de la Hoz","year":"2023","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Johannson KA (2023) World Trade Center Health Program best practices for the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Arch Environ Occup Health 78(4):232\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19338244.2023.2166007","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2022.2146040","volume":"78","author":"JE Cone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cone JE, de la Hoz RE (2023) World Trade Center Health Program best practices for diagnosing and treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Environ Occup Health 78(4):229\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19338244.2022.2146040","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108","volume":"159","author":"JL Hankinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hankinson JL, Odencratz JR, Fedan KB (1999) Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general US population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(1):179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society (1995) Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(3):1107\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Crapo R, Enright P, van der Grinten CPM, Gustafsson P, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Wanger J (2005) Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 26(2):319\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"636_CR21","unstructured":"Enright PL, Skloot GS, Cox-Ganser JM, Udasin IG, Herbert R (2010) Quality of spirometry performed by 13,599 participants in the World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program. Respir Care 55(3):303\u2013309. https:\/\/rc.rcjournal.com\/content\/55\/3\/303.short"},{"issue":"5\u201310","key":"636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233701th112oa","volume":"17","author":"KM Wallingford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wallingford KM, Snyder EM (2001) Occupational exposures during the World Trade Center disaster response. Toxicol Ind Health 17(5\u201310):247\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0748233701th112oa","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2015.1044601","volume":"45","author":"M Lippmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lippmann M, Cohen MD, Chen LC (2015) Health effects of World Trade Center (WTC) dust: an unprecedented disaster\u2019s inadequate risk management. Crit Rev Toxicol 45(6):492\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10408444.2015.1044601","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200309001-00205","volume":"14","author":"G Thurston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thurston G, Maciejczyk P, Lall R, Hwang J, Chen LC (2003) Identification and characterization of World Trade Center disaster fine particulate matter air pollution at a site in Lower Manhattan following September 11. Epidemiology 14(5):S87\u2013S88","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620590923154","volume":"2","author":"AS Geyh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geyh AS, Chillrud S, Williams DL, Herbstman JB, Symons JM, Rees K, Ross J, Kim SR, Lim HJ, Turpin B, Breysse P (2005) Assessing truck driver exposure at the World Trade Center disaster site: personal and area monitoring for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds during October 2001 and April 2002. J Occup Environ Hyg 2(3):179\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15459620590923154","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10248","volume":"115","author":"K Wheeler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wheeler K, McKelvey W, Thorpe L, Perrin M, Cone J, Kass D, Farfel M, Thomas P, Brackbill R (2007) Asthma diagnosed after September 11, 2001 among rescue and recovery workers: findings from the World Trade Center Health Registry. Environ Health Perspect 115(11):1584\u20131590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10248","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"636_CR27","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2021) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2021 report. https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/2021-gold-reports\/. 1"},{"key":"636_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.s312560","volume":"16","author":"E Mekov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekov E, Nu\u00f1ez A, Sin DD, Ichinose M, Rhee CK, Maselli DJ, Cot\u00e9 A, Suppli Ulrik C, Maltais F, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M (2021) Update on asthma-COPD overlap (ACO): a narrative review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 16:1783\u20131799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/copd.s312560","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"636_CR29","first-page":"577","volume":"45","author":"CM Fletcher","year":"1952","unstructured":"Fletcher CM (1952) The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema - an experimental study. Proc R Soc Med 45(9):577\u2013584","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqx086","volume":"67","author":"N Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams N (2017) The MRC breathlessness scale. Occup Med (Lond) 67(6):496\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqx086","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"636_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"118","author":"BG Ferris","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ferris BG (1978) Epidemiology standardization project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis 118(6 Pt 2):1\u2013120","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"636_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0209PP","volume":"11","author":"D Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh D, Agusti A, Martinez FJ, Papi A, Pavord ID, Wedzicha JA, Vogelmeier CF, Halpin DMG (2022) Blood eosinophils and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a GOLD Science Committee 2022 review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 11:17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202201-0209PP","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009786","volume":"149","author":"S Hennessy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hennessy S, Bilker WB, Berlin JA, Strom BL (1999) Factors influencing the optimal control-to-case ratio in matched case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 149(2):195\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009786","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"636_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014472","volume":"61","author":"DB Richardson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richardson DB (2004) An incidence density sampling program for nested case-control analyses. Occup Environ Med 61(12):e59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.2004.014472","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574","volume":"38","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin PC (2009) Using the standardized difference to compare the prevalence of a binary variable between two groups in observational research. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 38(6):1228\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03610910902859574","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0379-7","volume":"15","author":"MP Webber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Webber MP, Lee R, Soo J, Gustave J, Hall CB, Kelly K, Prezant D (2011) Prevalence and incidence of high risk for obstructive sleep apnea in World Trade Center-exposed rescue\/recovery workers. Sleep Breath 15(3):283\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-010-0379-7","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00350-5","volume":"198","author":"J Weber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weber J, Reeves AP, Doucette JT, Jeon Y, Sood A, San Jos\u00e9 Est\u00e9par R, Celed\u00f3n JC, de la Hoz RE (2020) Quantitative CT evidence of airway inflammation in World Trade Center workers and volunteers with low FVC spirometric pattern. Lung 198(3):555\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-020-00350-5","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"5","key":"636_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten CPM, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Wanger J (2005) Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 26(5):948\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"636_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.8.659","volume":"58","author":"PMA Calverley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Jones PW (2003) Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 58(8):659\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax.58.8.659","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001176","volume":"31","author":"L Feinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feinstein L, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, MacNell N, Bridge MF, Fessler MB, Thorne PS, Mendy A, Cohn RD, Curry MD, Zeldin DC (2020) Validation of questionnaire-based case definitions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Epidemiology 31(3):459\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ede.0000000000001176","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.9930","volume":"4","author":"RM Turner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turner RM, DePietro M, Ding B (2018) Overlap of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients in the United States: analysis of prevalence, features, and subtypes. JMIR Public Health Surveill 4(3):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/publichealth.9930","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030333","volume":"12","author":"A Bakakos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bakakos A, Vogli S, Dimakou K, Hillas G (2022) Asthma with fixed airflow obstruction: from fixed to personalized approach. J Pers Med 12(3):333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12030333","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202012-1544OC","volume":"19","author":"S Prasad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prasad S, Gao CX, Borg B, Broder J, Brown D, Ikin JF, Makar A, McCrabb T, Hoy R, Thompson B, Abramson MJ (2022) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults exposed to fine particles from a coal mine fire. Ann Am Thorac Soc 19(2):186\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202012-1544OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"636_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201110-1917OC","volume":"185","author":"AJ Mehta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta AJ, Miedinger D, Keidel D, Bettschart R, Bircher A, Bridevaux PO, Curjuric I, Kromhout H, Rochat T, Rothe T, Russi EW, Schikowski T, Schindler C, Schwartz J, Turk A, Vermeulen R, Probst-HenschK\u00fcnzli NN (2012) Occupational exposure to dusts, gases, and fumes and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185(12):1292\u20131300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201110-1917OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"636_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0717ST","volume":"199","author":"PD Blanc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanc PD, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes JR, Cummings KJ, Fishwick D, Miedinger D, Murgia N, Naidoo RN, Reynolds CJ, Sigsgaard T, Toren K, Vinnikov D, Redlich CA (2019) The occupational burden of nonmalignant respiratory diseases - an official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 199(11):1312\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201904-0717ST","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"636_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815049138122010010","volume-title":"Modern Occupational Disease Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Management and Prevention","author":"J Szeinuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szeinuk J, de la Hoz RE (2022) Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Bang KM (ed) Modern Occupational Disease Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Management and Prevention, vol 1, 1st edn. Bentham Science Books, Singapore, pp 104\u2013127","edition":"1"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"636_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108783","volume":"179","author":"M Hendryx","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hendryx M, Luo J, Chojenta C, Byles JE (2019) Air pollution exposures from multiple point sources and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Environ Res 179(Pt A):108783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108783","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-364OC","volume":"11","author":"EA Hoffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffman EA, Ahmed FS, Baumhauer H, Budoff M, Carr JJ, Kronmal R, Reddy S, Barr RG (2014) Variation in the percent of emphysema-like lung in a healthy, nonsmoking multiethnic sample - The MESA Lung Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11(6):898\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-364OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"636_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.15326\/jcopdf.6.5.2019.0150","volume":"6","author":"KA Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young KA, Regan EA, Han MK, Lutz SM, Ragland M, Castaldi PJ, Washko GR, Cho MH, Strand M, Curran-Everett D, Beaty TH, Bowler RP, Wan ES, Lynch DA, Make BJ, Silverman EK, Crapo JD, Hokanson JE, Kinney GL (2019) Subtypes of COPD have unique distributions and differential risk of mortality. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis 6(5):400\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15326\/jcopdf.6.5.2019.0150","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"636_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000037220.00065.0d","volume":"106","author":"G Engstrom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Engstrom G, Lind P, Hedblad B, Wollmer P, Stavenow L, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2002) Lung function and cardiovascular risk: relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Circulation 106(20):2555\u20132560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000037220.00065.0d","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"636_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01138.x","volume":"253","author":"G Engstrom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Nilsson P, Wollmer P, Berglund G, Janzon L (2003) Lung function, insulin resistance and incidence of cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal cohort study. J Intern Med 253(5):574\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01138.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"636_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.088112","volume":"63","author":"AK Johnston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnston AK, Mannino DM, Hagan GW, Davis KJ, Kiri VA (2008) Relationship between lung function impairment and incidence or recurrence of cardiovascular events in a middle-aged cohort. Thorax 63(7):599\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2007.088112","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-011-9296-1","volume":"189","author":"DA Hickson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hickson DA, Burchfiel CM, Liu J, Petrini MF, Harrison K, White WB, Sarpong DF (2011) Diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and metabolic biomarkers in individuals with normal glucose tolerance are inversely associated with lung function: the Jackson Heart Study. Lung 189(4):311\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-011-9296-1","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"636_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-1045","volume":"149","author":"MS Godfrey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Godfrey MS, Jankowich MD (2016) The vital capacity is vital: epidemiology and clinical significance of the restrictive spirometry pattern. Chest 149(1):238\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.15-1045","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201703-276OC","volume":"15","author":"R Zeig-Owens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeig-Owens R, Singh A, Aldrich TK, Hall CB, Schwartz T, Webber MP, Cohen HW, Kelly KJ, Nolan A, Prezant DJ, Weiden MD (2018) Blood leukocyte concentrations, FEV1 decline, and airflow limitation - a 15-year longitudinal study of World Trade Center-exposed firefighters. Ann Am Thorac Soc 15(2):173\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201703-276OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"636_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5930","volume":"111","author":"JK McGee","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGee JK, Chen LC, Cohen MD, Chee GR, Prophete CM, Haykal-Coates N, Wasson SJ, Conner TL, Costa DL, Gavett SH (2003) Chemical analysis of World Trade Center fine particulate matter for use in toxicologic assessment. Environ Health Perspect 111(7):972\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.5930","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2016.1197174","volume":"72","author":"CO Napier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Napier CO, Mbadugha O, Bienenfeld LA, Doucette JT, Lucchini R, Luna-S\u00e1nchez S, de la Hoz RE (2017) Obesity and weight gain among former World Trade Center workers and volunteers. Arch Environ Occup Health 72(2):106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19338244.2016.1197174","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.912692","volume":"64","author":"TJ Grahame","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grahame TJ, Klemm R, Schlesinger RB (2014) Public health and components of particulate matter: the changing assessment of black carbon. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 64(6):620\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10962247.2014.912692","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2531OC","volume":"196","author":"SD Aaron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aaron SD, Tan WC, Bourbeau J, Sin DD, Loves RH, MacNeil J, Whitmore GA (2017) Diagnostic instability and reversals of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis in individuals with mild to moderate airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 196(3):306\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201612-2531OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T13:04:46Z","timestamp":1692709486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-023-00636-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2040","1432-1750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2040","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors had no other relevant financial conflict of interest to disclose. The contents of this article are the sole responsibility of the authors, and do not represent the official views of the CDCP\/NIOSH.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}