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MIP-3-alpha and MIP-3-beta are pro-inflammatory chemokines expressed in the pulmonary mucosa and are reported to play a crucial role in inflammation. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between MIP-3-alpha- and MIP-3-beta expression and manifestation of pneumonia in patients suffering polytrauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective outcome study was conducted at our level I trauma center, and 110 polytraumatized patients (Injury Severity Score \u2265\u200916,\u2009\u2265\u20092 body regions) were prospectively enrolled (median age, 39\u00a0years; median Injury Severity Score (ISS), 33; 70.9% male) over four years. Protein levels were assessed at admission (day 0) and subsequently on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 during routine blood draws, utilizing one separation gel tube for each measurement. Furthermore, the correlation between MIP-3-alpha- and MIP-3-beta expression and the manifestation of pneumonia was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed significantly higher levels of MIP-3-beta expression over the entire time course in the pneumonia cohort. MIP-3-alpha levels were elevated on days 3, 5, 7, and 10 post-trauma in patients suffering from pneumonia. In contrast, no comparable pattern was observed for other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (\n                      <jats:italic>e.g.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      IL-6 or TNF-alpha). A peak of serum level expression was documented on day 5 in both biomarkers (MIP-3-alpha 51.8\u00a0pg\/mL; MIP-3-beta 328.0\u00a0pg\/mL). ROC analysis provided a cut-off value of 19.3\u00a0pg\/mL (sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.33; AUC 0.757) for MIP-3-alpha, whereas a cut-off value of 209.5\u00a0pg\/mL (sensitivity 0.78, specificity 0.34; AUC 0.757) was determined for MIP-3-beta on day 5.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study demonstrated elevated MIP-3-alpha and MIP-3-beta levels as sensitive pneumonia predictors in patients with multiple traumas. These biomarkers allow for identifying patients at high risk of developing pneumonia at an early stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-025-00799-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T22:26:14Z","timestamp":1741818374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MIP-3-Alpha and MIP-3-Beta as Early Predictors of Pneumonia in Polytraumatized Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Gregor","family":"Wollner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hruska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weichhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix R. 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