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Bronchiectasis development is believed to involve infection and inflammation but is incompletely understood. Macrophages play a central role in cellular immune response, contributing to both pathogen clearance and immunoregulation. Depending on local stimuli, macrophages are polarized towards pro-inflammatory (M1) or pro-resolution\/phagocytic (M2) phenotypes. This study aims to investigate the effects of PCD sputum on macrophage polarization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sputum from 27 individuals with PCD and seven healthy controls were used to stimulate healthy monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophage polarization was determined by surface markers, phagocytic ability and cytokine production using flow cytometry and immunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Macrophages stimulated with PCD sputum exhibited enhanced phagocytosis (MFI 194268 vs. 58235,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002), increased expression of M2-associated surface markers CD163, CD206 and CD16, and reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (10.38 vs. 113.22 pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0013) and IL-1\u03b2 (0.75 vs. 3.60 pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Concurrently, expressions of M1-associated surface markers CD40 and CD80 were reduced.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PCD sputum induced a phagocytosis prone, M2-like phenotype in healthy macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-025-00868-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T03:11:27Z","timestamp":1769397087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sputum from Individuals with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Drives M2-like Macrophage Polarization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"W\u00e5hlander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine R.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa I.","family":"P\u00e5hlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"868_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063064","author":"WB Wee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wee WB, Kinghorn B, Davis SD, Ferkol TW, Shapiro AJ (2024) Primary ciliary dyskinesia. 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