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Because\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      shares approximately 75% of disease-related human genes and possesses a well-characterized innate immune system without confounding adaptive responses, it represents a tractable model for investigating smoke-induced pathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined the effects of developmental cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure on innate immune activation, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate in\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Larvae exposed to 10\u201350% CSE exhibited dose-dependent increases in crystal-cell activation and melanized wound area, indicating heightened innate immune responsiveness likely driven by CSE-induced oxidative stress and hematopoietic dysregulation. Locomotor activity, assessed by negative geotaxis, was impaired at moderate concentrations in both sexes, with females showing greater sensitivity at lower doses, reflecting sex-specific differences. Metabolic rate measurements revealed a significant hypermetabolic response exclusively in male flies at 50% CSE, consistent with an elevated oxidative detoxification burden and vulnerability in males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CSE elicits a coordinated physiological stress response integrating immune activation with behavioral and metabolic dysfunction.  This work supports\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a translational model for dissecting the systemic consequences of smoke-induced innate immune dysregulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-026-00911-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:28:16Z","timestamp":1783582096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure Affects Innate Immune Response, Metabolic Rate, and Locomotor Activity of Drosophila melanogaster"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Periklis","family":"Marnas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Giannakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanna","family":"Pitaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elpiniki","family":"Stergiopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tzamalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios Stefanos","family":"Giannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Anastasia","family":"Parlantza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gourgoulianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrissi","family":"Hatzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasmia","family":"Rouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"L\u00fcpold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3083-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios G.","family":"Zarogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L59","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00319.2019","volume":"318","author":"H Zuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuo H (2020) Cigarette smoke exposure alters phosphodiesterases in human structural lung cells. 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