{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:08:54Z","timestamp":1789546134242,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lung"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:20Z","timestamp":1789545500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanistic Rationale, Preclinical Evidence, and Clinical Knowledge Gaps"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Laith","family":"Allaham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baylee","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahiye","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Metuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah N.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar","family":"Alzghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K et al (2016) Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 375(4):311\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"939_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501006","volume":"392","author":"DK McGuire","year":"2025","unstructured":"McGuire DK, Marx N, Mulvagh SL et al (2025) Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 392(20):2001\u20132012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2501006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"939_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","volume":"389","author":"AM Lincoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM et al (2023) Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med 389(24):2221\u20132232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10193","key":"939_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","volume":"394","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR et al (2019) Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 394(10193):121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"939_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","volume":"391","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P et al (2024) Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 391(2):109\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30013-X","volume":"5","author":"C Sorli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorli C, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5(4):251\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30013-X","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"939_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2760","volume":"37","author":"C Wysham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wysham C, Blevins T, Arakaki R et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1). Diabetes Care 37(8):2159\u20132167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-2760","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"939_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1472-y","volume":"52","author":"D Russell-Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O et al (2009) Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met + SU). Diabetologia 52(10):2046\u20132055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-009-1472-y","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x","volume":"26","author":"M Marre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marre M, Shaw J, Br\u00e4ndle M et al (2009) Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med 26(3):268\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"10402","key":"939_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01200-X","volume":"402","author":"WT Garvey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM et al (2023) Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). Lancet 402(10402):613\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01200-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","volume":"387","author":"AM Jastreboff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN et al (2022) Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 387(3):205\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2416394","volume":"393","author":"LJ Aronne","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW et al (2025) Tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 393(1):26\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2416394","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"939_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404881","volume":"391","author":"A Malhotra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I et al (2024) Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. N Engl J Med 391(13):1193\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2404881","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"939_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/JAPAJ.JAPAJ_5_24","volume":"3","author":"JF Owaidat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Owaidat JF, Zuaiter S, Daseh AI, Al Nemrawi FA, Abu-Jeyyab M, Al-Jafari M (2025) Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and exercise for weight reduction: a review of current evidence. JAPA Acad J 3(2):94\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JAPAJ.JAPAJ_5_24","journal-title":"JAPA Acad J"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1694","volume":"59","author":"M Arakawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arakawa M, Mita T, Azuma K et al (2010) Inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion by exendin-4. Diabetes 59(4):1030\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db09-1694","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"939_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0976","volume":"64","author":"J Koska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koska J, Sands M, Burciu C et al (2015) Exenatide protects against glucose- and lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction. Diabetes 64(7):2624\u20132635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-0976","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"939_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa201","volume":"161","author":"T Sato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sato T, Shimizu T, Fujita H et al (2020) GLP-1 receptor signaling differentially modifies the outcomes of sterile vs viral pulmonary inflammation in male mice. Endocrinology 161(12):bqaa201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa201","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"939_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31788","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31788","volume":"6","author":"MY Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee MY, Tsai KB, Hsu JH, Shin SJ, Wu JR, Yeh JL (2016) Liraglutide prevents and reverses monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 6:31788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep31788","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz034","volume":"4","author":"E Balk-M\u00f8ller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balk-M\u00f8ller E, Windel\u00f8v JA, Svendsen B et al (2019) Glucagon-like peptide 1 and atrial natriuretic peptide in a female mouse model of obstructive pulmonary disease. J Endocr Soc 4(1):bvz034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvz034","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"939_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S350133","volume":"17","author":"AD Altintas Dogan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altintas Dogan AD, Hilberg O, Hess S et al (2022) Respiratory effects of treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in patients with obesity and COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 17:405\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S350133","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03815-6","volume":"31","author":"L Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao L, Liu Y, Ou Z et al (2026) GLP-1 agonists reduce right ventricular mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the GSK3\u03b2-Drp1 signalling in pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Med Res 31(1):243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-025-03815-6","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"939_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","volume":"389","author":"MN Kosiborod","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kosiborod MN, Abildstr\u00f8m SZ, Borlaug BA et al (2023) Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. N Engl J Med 389(12):1069\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"939_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2313917","volume":"390","author":"MN Kosiborod","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kosiborod MN, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA et al (2024) Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 390(15):1394\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2313917","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10437","key":"939_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00469-0","volume":"403","author":"MN Kosiborod","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kosiborod MN, Borlaug BA, Butler J et al (2024) Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related HFpEF: a pooled analysis of STEP-HFpEF trials. Lancet 403(10437):1635\u20131648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00469-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"939_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410027","volume":"392","author":"M Packer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM et al (2025) Tirzepatide for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. N Engl J Med 392(5):427\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2410027","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"939_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03374-z","author":"BA Borlaug","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borlaug BA, Zile MR, Kramer CM et al (2024) Effects of tirzepatide on circulatory overload and end-organ damage in HFpEF and obesity: SUMMIT secondary analysis. Nat Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03374-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.001","volume":"85","author":"CM Kramer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kramer CM, Borlaug BA, Zile MR et al (2025) Tirzepatide reduces LV mass and paracardiac adipose tissue in obesity-related HFpEF: SUMMIT CMR substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 85(3):242\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)01430-9","volume":"358","author":"Y Wei","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wei Y, Mojsov S (1995) Tissue-specific expression of the human receptor for glucagon-like peptide-I. FEBS Lett 358(3):219\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-5793(94)01430-9","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"939_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770921","volume":"137","author":"BP Bullock","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bullock BP, Heller RS, Habener JF (1996) Tissue distribution of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding the rat glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Endocrinology 137(7):2968\u20132978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770921","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1934","volume":"155","author":"C Pyke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pyke C, Heller RS, Kirk RK et al (2014) GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue. Endocrinology 155(4):1280\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2013-1934","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"939_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102849","volume":"66","author":"C Luna-Marco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luna-Marco C, de Mara\u00f1on AM, Hermo-Argibay A et al (2023) Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on mitochondrial function, inflammatory markers and leukocyte-endothelium interactions in type 2 diabetes. Redox Biol 66:102849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102849","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3145-0","volume":"57","author":"AE Hogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hogan AE, Gaoatswe G, Lynch L et al (2014) Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 57(4):781\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-013-3145-0","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"939_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.09.004","volume":"3","author":"G Rakipovski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rakipovski G, Rolin B, N\u00f8hr J et al (2018) The GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- and LDLr-\/- mice. JACC Basic Transl Sci 3(6):844\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.09.004","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"939_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060589","volume":"8","author":"TH Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai TH, Lee CH, Cheng CI et al (2019) Liraglutide inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and attenuates neointima formation. Cells 8(6):589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8060589","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"939_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ehy564P244","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy564.P244","volume":"39","author":"J Honda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Honda J, Kimura T, Sakai S et al (2018) The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Eur Heart J 39(Suppl 1):ehy564P244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy564.P244","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"939_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3568","volume":"128","author":"MR Movahed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Movahed MR, Hashemzadeh M, Jamal MM (2005) The prevalence of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Chest 128(5):3568\u20133571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.128.5.3568","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"19","key":"939_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194503","volume":"10","author":"N Nundlall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nundlall N, Playford D, Strange G, Davis TME, Davis WA (2021) Prevalence, incidence and associates of pulmonary hypertension complicating type 2 diabetes: Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 2 and NEDA. J Clin Med 10(19):4503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10194503","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"939_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.020","volume":"134","author":"AW Trammell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trammell AW, Hemnes AR, Tseng V, Shah AJ, Phillips LS, Hart CM (2020) Influence of body weight and diabetes mellitus in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 134:130\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.020","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"939_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.663120","volume":"115","author":"G Hansmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hansmann G, Wagner RA, Schellong S et al (2007) Pulmonary arterial hypertension is linked to insulin resistance and reversed by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation. Circulation 115(10):1275\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.663120","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"939_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L727","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90354.2008","volume":"295","author":"JG Lopez-Lopez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lopez-Lopez JG, Moral-Sanz J, Frazziano G et al (2008) Diabetes induces pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction by NADPH oxidase induction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295(5):L727\u2013L732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.90354.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1086\/679705","volume":"5","author":"AD Abernethy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abernethy AD, Stackhouse K, Hart S et al (2015) Impact of diabetes in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 5(1):117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/679705","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"2","key":"939_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107773","volume":"35","author":"N Nundlall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nundlall N, Playford D, Davis TME, Davis WA (2021) Relative incidence and predictors of pulmonary arterial hypertension complicating type 2 diabetes: Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I. J Diabetes Complications 35(2):107773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107773","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"939_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2019.15.1","volume":"15","author":"J Khateeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khateeb J, Fuchs E, Khamaisi M (2019) Diabetes and lung disease: a neglected relationship. Rev Diabet Stud 15:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1900\/RDS.2019.15.1","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"issue":"38","key":"939_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","volume":"43","author":"M Humbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM et al (2022) 2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 43(38):3618\u20133731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401324","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024","volume":"64","author":"G Kovacs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kovacs G, Bartolome S, Denton CP et al (2024) Definition, classification and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 64(4):2401324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2207","volume":"36","author":"C Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang C, Yuan L, Cao S (2015) Endogenous GLP-1 as a key self-defense molecule against lipotoxicity in pancreatic islets. Int J Mol Med 36(1):173\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2207","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"939_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2592-3","volume":"55","author":"YS Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee YS, Park MS, Choung JS et al (2012) Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammation in an obese mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 55(9):2456\u20132468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-012-2592-3","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"939_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1577","volume":"64","author":"B Yusta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yusta B, Baggio LL, Koehler J et al (2015) GLP-1R agonists modulate enteric immune responses through the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R. Diabetes 64:2537\u20132549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-1577","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"939_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.003","volume":"34","author":"CK Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong CK, Yusta B, Koehler JA et al (2022) Divergent roles for the gut intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R in control of metabolism, microbiota, and T cell-induced inflammation. Cell Metab 34(10):1514\u20131531e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.003","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"939_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","volume":"35","author":"CN Heiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heiss CN, Manner\u00e5s-Holm L, Lee YS et al (2021) The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism. Cell Rep 35(8):109163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"939_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.04.010","volume":"62","author":"KN Aronis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aronis KN, Chamberland JP, Mantzoros CS (2013) GLP-1 promotes angiogenesis in human endothelial cells through a mechanism involving the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Metabolism 62(9):1279\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.04.010","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.149","volume":"33","author":"L Ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding L, Zhang J (2012) Glucagon-like peptide-1 activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 33(1):75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/aps.2011.149","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"5","key":"939_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000156326.48823.55","volume":"111","author":"JX Yuan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yuan JX, Rubin LJ (2005) Pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: the need for multiple hits. Circulation 111(5):534\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000156326.48823.55","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"939_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.01.013","volume":"104","author":"G Torres","year":"2016","unstructured":"Torres G, Morales PE, Garc\u00eda-Miguel M et al (2016) Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation through mitochondrial dynamics regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 104:52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.01.013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"939_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1073878","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Jiang F, Xie Y, Mo Y, Zhang X, Liu C (2023) Diabetic endothelial microangiopathy and pulmonary dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1073878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1073878","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"939_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202509-1800OC","author":"E Brittain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brittain E, Gao J, Engel S et al (2025) Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and risk of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202509-1800OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"939_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.3690","author":"S Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma S, Alawad S et al (2025) Exploring the potential benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from a large database study. Chest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.3690","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"939_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.07.006","volume":"12","author":"R Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel R, Wadid M, Makwana B et al (2024) GLP-1 receptor agonists among patients with overweight or obesity, diabetes, and HFpEF on SGLT2 inhibitors. JACC Heart Fail 12(11):1814\u20131826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.07.006","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15308","volume":"12","author":"H Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang H, Wattanachayakul P, Kittipibul V et al (2025) Pulmonary artery pressure trajectories in heart failure patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. ESC Heart Fail 12(4):2578\u20132582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.15308","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06820-w","volume":"17","author":"ADA Dogan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dogan ADA, Christensen TQ, Jensen TT et al (2024) FDG-PET\/CT-based respiration-gated lung segmentation and quantification of lung inflammation in COPD patients. BMC Res Notes 17(1):170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-024-06820-w","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"939_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S393323","volume":"18","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Mei A, Qian H et al (2023) The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 18:129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S393323","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"939_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202406-1166SO","volume":"210","author":"MD Althoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Althoff MD, Gajic O, Holguin F, Forno E (2024) Obesity-related asthma: existing and emerging treatment approaches. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 210(10):1186\u20131200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202406-1166SO","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"939_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108197","volume":"245","author":"DH Cooper","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cooper DH, Akbarian N, Aaron SD, Luks V, Kendzerska T (2025) GLP-1 receptor agonists and asthma and COPD exacerbations in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. Respir Med 245:108197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108197","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"939_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.051","volume":"53","author":"CS Lam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Borlaug BA, Enders FT, Redfield MM (2009) Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(13):1119\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.051","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"939_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3273","volume":"21","author":"S Suissa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suissa S, Dell\u2019Aniello S (2012) Time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21(9):964\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.3273","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"939_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5087","volume":"340","author":"LE L\u00e9vesque","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00e9vesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S (2010) Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes. BMJ 340:b5087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b5087","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"939_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1691OC","volume":"179","author":"MR Fisher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E et al (2009) Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(7):615\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200811-1691OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:22Z","timestamp":1789545502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00408-026-00939-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. No external funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"68"}}