{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:56:20Z","timestamp":1783025780572,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]],"date-time":"2009-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Environ Biophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T08:32:36Z","timestamp":1243413156000},"page":"287-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Incidence of leukaemia and other malignant diseases following injections of the short-lived \u03b1-emitter 224Ra into man"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Roland R.","family":"Wick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. A.","family":"Nekolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"227_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Naturheilverfahren und unkonventionelle medizinische Richtungen","author":"U Abel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abel U (2003) Gutachten zum Stand des Nachweises der Wirksamkeit einer Radontherapie aufgrund klinischer Studien. In: B\u00fchring M, Kemper FH (eds) Naturheilverfahren und unkonventionelle medizinische Richtungen. Springer, Berlin, pp 1\u20138"},{"key":"227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-005-0009-0","volume":"65","author":"A Alberding","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alberding A, Stierle H, Brandt J, Braun J (2006) Wirksamkeit und Vertr\u00e4glichkeit von Radiumchlorid in der Behandlung der ankylosierenden Spondylitis\u2014Ergebnisse einer Anwendungsbeobachtung. Z Rheumatol 65:245\u2013251","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.047514","volume":"65","author":"J Askling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Askling J, Klareskog L, Blomqvist P, Fored M, Feltelius N (2006) Risk for malignant lymphoma in ankylosing spondylitis: a nationwide Swedish case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 65:1184\u20131187","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"227_CR4","first-page":"6","volume":"1","author":"W Bergter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bergter W, Gilbert M, Fitschen J (2003) Prinzip einer spezifischen Entz\u00fcndungshemmung und Schmerzlinderung mit [224Ra]Radiumchlorid. Osteoporose Rheuma aktuell:6\u201319","journal-title":"Osteoporose Rheuma aktuell"},{"key":"227_CR5","first-page":"S16","volume":"20","author":"J Braun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Braun J, Pincus T (2002) Mortality, course of disease and prognosis of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 20:S16\u2013S22","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s003930170077","volume":"60","author":"J Braun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Braun J, Lemmel EM, Manger B, Rau R, S\u00f6rensen H, Sieper J (2001) Therapie der ankylosierenden Spondylitis (AS) mit Radiumchlorid (224SpondylAT\u00ae). Z Rheumatol 60:74\u201383","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01214600","volume":"27","author":"D Chmelevsky","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chmelevsky D, Kellerer AM, Land CE, Mays CW, Spiess H (1988) Time and dose dependency of bone-sarcomas in patients injected with Radium-224. Radiat Environ Biophys 27:103\u2013114","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.35","volume":"55","author":"SC Darby","year":"1987","unstructured":"Darby SC, Doll R, Gill SK, Smith PG (1987) Long term mortality after a single treatment course with X-rays in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Cancer 55:179\u2013190","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9728-8_9","volume-title":"Biological effects of 224Ra\u2014benefit and risk of therapeutic application","author":"O Delikan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Delikan O (1978) Quality control in the production process and purity of 224Ra for injection. In: M\u00fcller WA, Ebert HG (eds) Biological effects of 224Ra\u2014benefit and risk of therapeutic application. Martinus Nijhoff Medical Division, The Hague\/Boston, pp 44\u201349"},{"key":"227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.8.894","volume":"39","author":"A Franke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franke A, Reiner L, Pratzel HG, Franke T, Resch KL (2000) Long-term efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis\u2014a randomized, sham-controlled study and follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39:894\u2013902","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"227_CR11","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Health effects of internally deposited radionuclides: emphasis on radium and thorium","author":"W G\u00f6ssner","year":"1995","unstructured":"G\u00f6ssner W, Wick RR, Spiess H (1995) Histopathological review of 224Ra-induced bone sarcomas. In: van Kaick G, Karaoglou A, Kellerer AM (eds) Health effects of internally deposited radionuclides: emphasis on radium and thorium. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 255\u2013259"},{"key":"227_CR12","first-page":"239","volume":"47","author":"ER Humphreys","year":"1985","unstructured":"Humphreys ER, Loutit JF, Major IR, Stones VA (1985) The induction by 224Ra of myeloid leukaemia and osteosarcoma in male CBA mice. Int J Radiat Biol 47:239\u2013247","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"227_CR13","first-page":"331","volume":"51","author":"ER Humphreys","year":"1987","unstructured":"Humphreys ER, Loutit JF, Stones VA (1987) The induction by 239Pu of myeloid leukaemia and osteosarcoma in female CBA mice. Int J Radiat Biol 51:331\u2013339","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009314551341","volume":"64","author":"ER Humphreys","year":"1993","unstructured":"Humphreys ER, Isaacs KR, Raine TA, Saunders J, Stones VA, Wood DL (1993) Myeloid leukaemia and osteosarcoma in CBA\/H mice given 224Ra. Int J Radiat Biol 64:231\u2013235","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"227_CR15","first-page":"2069","volume":"20","author":"FJ Jimenez-Balderas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Mintz G (1993) Ankylosing spondylitis: clinical course in women and men. J Rheumatol 20:2069\u20132072","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"227_CR16","first-page":"439","volume":"87","author":"W Koch","year":"1952","unstructured":"Koch W, Reske W (1952) Die Ergebnisse der intraven\u00f6sen Thorium X-Behandlung bei der Spondylarthritis ankylopoetica (M. Bechterew). Strahlenther 87:439\u2013457","journal-title":"Strahlenther"},{"key":"227_CR17","first-page":"474","volume":"97","author":"G Kutz","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kutz G (1963) Zur Frage von Sp\u00e4tsch\u00e4den nach der Behandlung mit Thorium-X. Z Orthop 97:474\u2013482","journal-title":"Z Orthop"},{"key":"227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081254","volume":"41","author":"RW Leggett","year":"1992","unstructured":"Leggett RW (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for Calcium-like elements. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 41:183\u2013198","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"227_CR20","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides","author":"YI Moskalev","year":"1969","unstructured":"Moskalev YI, Streltsova VN, Buldakov LA (1969) Late effects of radionuclide damage. In: Mays CW, Jee WSS, Lloyd RD, Stover BJ, Dougherty JH, Taylor GN (eds) Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 489\u2013509"},{"key":"227_CR21","first-page":"461","volume":"54","author":"WA M\u00fcller","year":"1988","unstructured":"M\u00fcller WA, Linzner U, Luz A (1988) Early induction of leukemia (malignant lymphoma) in mice by protracted low alpha doses. Health Phys 54:461\u2013463","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"227_CR22","unstructured":"M\u00fcller WA, Luz A, Murray AB, Linzner U (1989) The effect of dose protraction with a very low Radium-224 activity in mice. In: Taylor DM, Mays CW, Gerber GB, Thomas RG (eds) Risks from radium and thorotrast, BIR Report 21. British Institute of Radiology, London, pp 32\u201336"},{"key":"227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy K, Berh\u00e9s I, Kov\u00e1cs T, K\u00e1v\u00e1si N, Somlai J, Bender T (2009) Does balneotherapy with low radon concentration in water influence the endocrine system? A controlled non-randomized pilot study. Radiat Environ Biophys. doi: 10.1007\/s00411-009-0222-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-009-0222-3"},{"key":"227_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.2307\/3580102","volume":"152","author":"EA Nekolla","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nekolla EA, Kellerer AM, Kuse-Isingschulte M, Eder E, Spiess H (1999) Malignancies in patients treated with high doses of Radium-224. Radiat Res 152:S3\u2013S7","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"227_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekolla EA, Kreisheimer M, Kellerer AM, Kuse-Isingschulte M, G\u00f6ssner W, Spiess H (2000) Induction of malignant bone tumors in Radium-224 patients: risk estimates based on the improved dosimetry. Radiat Res 153:93\u2013103;\u00a0Erratum 153:848","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)153[0093:IOMBTI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"227_CR26","unstructured":"Reiners C (2000) Gutachterliche Stellungnahme zu [224Ra]Radiumchlorid: Pharmakokinetik\/Strahlenexposition vom 14.02.2000. Klinik und Poliklinik der Nuklearmedizin, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg (cited from Braun et al. (2001), Ref. 27, p. 75)"},{"key":"227_CR27","unstructured":"Schales F (1966) Biophysikalische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Verteilung und Ausscheidung von Thorium X (Ra-224) und seinen Folgeprodukten nach intraven\u00f6ser Zufuhr beim Menschen. Thesis, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, Frankfurt\/Main"},{"key":"227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-197807000-00003","volume":"35","author":"F Schales","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schales F (1978) Brief history of 224Ra usage in radiotherapy and radiobiology. Health Phys 35:25\u201332","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-43-511-471","volume":"43","author":"F Schales","year":"1970","unstructured":"Schales F, Jones DEA (1970) The specification of thorium X activity\u2014the e. s. u. to curie conversion. Brit J Radiol 43:471\u2013478","journal-title":"Brit J Radiol"},{"key":"227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-002-0165-4","volume":"41","author":"H Spiess","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiess H (2002) Peteosthor\u2014a medical disaster due to Radium-224. Radiat Environ Biophys 41:163\u2013172","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiess H, Mays CW (1970) Bone cancers induced by 224Ra (Th X) in children and adults. Health Phys 19:713\u2013729;\u00a0Addendum Health Phys 20:543\u2013545 (1971)","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-197012000-00001"},{"key":"227_CR32","first-page":"95","volume":"100","author":"R Stieglitz","year":"1973","unstructured":"Stieglitz R, Thiele M, Stobbe H, Wegener G (1973) Sch\u00e4digungen der H\u00e4matopoese durch Thorium-X-Therapie. Folia Haematol (Leipzig) 100:95\u2013103","journal-title":"Folia Haematol (Leipzig)"},{"key":"227_CR33","unstructured":"Straube F, Sagner K, Brandt J, Riede D, Tutar K, Mende T (2003) Martin-Luther-Universit\u00e4t Halle-Wittenberg: 40\u00a0Jahre Erfahrung mit [224Ra]Radiumchlorid bei ankylosierender Spondylitis. Osteoporose Rheuma aktuell 26\u201329"},{"key":"227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410686","volume":"100","author":"V Svoboda","year":"1981","unstructured":"Svoboda V, Buben\u00edkov\u00e1 D, Kota\u0161kov\u00e1 Z (1981) Myeloid leukemia 239Pu-treated mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 100:255\u2013262","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-663-02819-2","volume-title":"Peteosthor: Neue Wege des Heilens","author":"P Troch","year":"1949","unstructured":"Troch P (1949) Peteosthor: Neue Wege des Heilens. Vieweg, Braunschweig"},{"key":"227_CR36","unstructured":"van Kaick G, Wesch H (2005) The national Thorotrast studies in comparison. In: Oeh U, Roth P, Paretzke HG (eds) Health effects of incorporated radionuclides\u2014emphasis on radium, thorium, uranium and their daughter products\u2014HEIR 2004. GSF, Neuherberg, GSF-Bericht 06\/05, pp 17\u201320"},{"key":"227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.2307\/3580117","volume":"152","author":"G Kaick van","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Kaick G, Dahlheimer R, Hornik S, Kaul A, Liebermann D, L\u00fchrs H, Spiethoff A, Wegener K, Wesch H (1999) The German Thorotrast study: recent results and assessment of risks. Radiat Res 152:S64\u2013S71","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)45:5<430::AID-ART362>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"45","author":"A Tubergen van","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Tubergen A, Landew\u00e9 R, van der Heijde D, Hidding A, Wolter N, Asscher M, Falkenbach A, Genth E, Th\u00e8 HG, van der Linden S (2001) Combined spa-exercise therapy is effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 45:430\u2013438","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-198306001-00015","volume":"44","author":"RR Wick","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wick RR, G\u00f6ssner W (1983) Follow-up study of late effects in 224Ra treated ankylosing spondylitis patients. Health Phys 44(Suppl 1):187\u2013195","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(93)90272-J","volume":"19","author":"RR Wick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wick RR, G\u00f6ssner W (1993) History and current uses of 224Ra in ankylosing spondylitis and other diseases. Environm Intern 19:467\u2013473","journal-title":"Environm Intern"},{"key":"227_CR41","unstructured":"Wick RR, Nekolla EA (2005) Long term investigation of late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with Radium-224. In: Oeh U, Roth P, Paretzke HG (eds) Health effects of incorporated radionuclides\u2014emphasis on radium, thorium, uranium and their daughter products\u2014HEIR 2004. GSF, Neuherberg, GSF-Bericht 06\/05, pp 75\u201381"},{"key":"227_CR42","first-page":"580","volume":"44","author":"RR Wick","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wick RR, M\u00fcller WA, Linzner U (1983) Distribution studies in mice of 224Ra in colloidal (\u201cPeteosthor\u201d) and ionic preparations as used in human therapy. Health Phys 44:580\u2013583","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"227_CR43","first-page":"38","volume":"80","author":"RR Wick","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wick RR, Chmelevsky D, G\u00f6ssner W (1985) 224Ra: risk to bone and haematopoietic tissue in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Strahlenther [Sonderb] 80:38\u201344","journal-title":"Strahlenther [Sonderb]"},{"key":"227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2307\/3580103","volume":"152","author":"RR Wick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wick RR, Nekolla EA, G\u00f6ssner W, Kellerer AM (1999) Late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with 224Ra. Radiat Res 152:S8\u2013S11","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"227_CR45","first-page":"349","volume":"70","author":"PM Wolf","year":"1941","unstructured":"Wolf PM, Born H-J (1941) \u00dcber den Reinheitsgrad von Thorium X-Pr\u00e4paraten. Strahlenther 70:349\u2013351","journal-title":"Strahlenther"},{"key":"227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.041137","volume":"65","author":"J Zochling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, Collantes E, Davis JC Jr, Dijkmans B, Dougados M, Geher P, Inman RD, Khan MA, Kvien TK, Leirisalo-Repo M, Olivieri I, Pavelka K, Sieper J, Stucki G, Sturrock RD, van der Linden S, Wendling D, Bohm H, van Royen BJ, Braun J (2006) ASAS\/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:442\u2013452","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Radiation and Environmental Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T19:34:57Z","timestamp":1589830497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-009-0227-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-634X","1432-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-634X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]]}}}