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The radiation risk is directly influenced by the quality of the radiation, i.e., its pattern of energy deposition at the micron\/DNA scale. For stochastic biological effects, radiation quality is described by the quality factor, <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, which can be defined as a function of Linear Energy Transfer (LET) or the microdosimetric lineal energy (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$y$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>y<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>). In the present work, the average <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> of GCR for different mission scenarios was calculated using a modified version of the microdosimetric Theory of Dual Radiation Action (TDRA). NASA\u2019s OLTARIS platform was utilized to generate the radiation environment behind different aluminum shielding (0\u201330\u00a0g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) for a typical mission scenario in low-earth orbit (LEO) and in deep space. The microdosimetric lineal energy spectra of ions (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Z\\ge 1$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2265<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) in 1\u00a0\u03bcm liquid water spheres were calculated by a generalized analytical model which considers energy-loss fluctuations and \u03b4-ray transport inside the irradiated medium. The present TDRA-based <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-values for the LEO and deep space missions were found to differ by up to 10% and 14% from the corresponding ICRP-based <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-values and up to 3% and 6% from NASA\u2019s <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-model. In addition, they were found to be in good agreement with the <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>Q<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-values measured in the International Space Station (ISS) and by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) which represent, respectively, a LEO and deep space orbit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-023-01023-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T14:01:55Z","timestamp":1681653715000},"page":"221-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Space radiation quality factor for Galactic Cosmic Rays and typical space mission scenarios using a microdosimetric approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Kyriakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Incerti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis A.","family":"Daglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Emfietzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1023_CR1","unstructured":"Adams J, Hathaway D, Grugel R, Watts JW, Parnell TA, Gregory JC, Winglee RM (2005) Revolutionary concepts of radiation shielding for human exploration of space"},{"key":"1023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2004.06.013","volume":"39","author":"AB Akopova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akopova AB, Manaseryan MM, Melkonyan AA, Tatikyan SSh, Potapov Yu (2005) Radiation measurement on the International Space Station. 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