{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:35:02Z","timestamp":1792442102142,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Environ Biophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T04:08:14Z","timestamp":1736482094000},"page":"151-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Flexible and lead-free polymer composites for X-ray shielding: comparison of polyvinyl chloride matrix filled with nanoparticles of tungsten oxides"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Negar","family":"Rabiei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Gholamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen Khajeh","family":"Aminian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Sharghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR1","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"M Aghamiri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aghamiri M, Mortazavi S, Tayebi M, Mosleh-Shirazi M, Baharvand H, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Zeinali-Rafsanjani B (2011) A novel design for production of efficient flexible lead-free shields against X-ray photons in diagnostic energy range. J Biomedical Phys Eng 1(1):17\u201321","journal-title":"J Biomedical Phys Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.ijrr.14.2.127","volume":"14","author":"A Aghaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aghaz A, Faghihi R, Mortazavi S, Haghparast A, Mehdizadeh S, Sina S (2016) Radiation attenuation properties of shields containing micro and Nano WO3 in diagnostic X-ray energy range. Int J Radiation Res 14(2):127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18869\/acadpub.ijrr.14.2.127","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Res"},{"key":"1103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22607\/IJACS.2017.S02006","volume":"S2 23","author":"M Ambika","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ambika M, Nagaiah N (2017) Gamma shielding ability and chemical stability of polyester-based polymer composites. Indian J Adv Chem Sci S2 23:23\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22607\/IJACS.2017.S02006","journal-title":"Indian J Adv Chem Sci"},{"key":"1103_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2010.0021","volume":"25","author":"M Aminian Khajeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aminian Khajeh M, Ye J (2010) Morphology influence on photocatalytic activity of tungsten oxide loaded by platinum nanoparticles. J Mater Res 25:141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1557\/JMR.2010.0021","journal-title":"J Mater Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1103_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517515590409","volume":"86","author":"N Aral","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aral N, Banu Nergis F, Candan C (2016) An alternative X-ray shielding material based on coated textiles. Text Res J 86(8):803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0040517515590409","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22052\/5.3.15","volume":"6","author":"N Asari-shik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asari-shik N, Gholamzadeh L, Khajeh-Aminian M, Fazilat-Moaddeli ME (2017) Study the attenuation ability of the composites containing micro and nano-sized tungsten oxide and lead oxide as diagnostic X-ray shields. Radiation Saf Meas 6(3):15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22052\/5.3.15","journal-title":"Radiation Saf Meas"},{"issue":"8","key":"1103_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.08.023","volume":"33","author":"NN Azman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azman NN, Siddiqui S, Low IM (2013) Characterisation of micro-sized and nano-sized tungsten oxide-epoxy composites for radiation shielding of diagnostic X-rays. Mater Sci Engineering: C 33(8):4952\u20134957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2013.08.023","journal-title":"Mater Sci Engineering: C"},{"key":"1103_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1310-2","volume":"30","author":"J Bushberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bushberg J, Seibert J, Leidholdt E Jr, Boone J (2003) The essential physics of medical imaging, 2002. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1713","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"1103_CR9","unstructured":"Cember H (2009) Introduction to health physics"},{"key":"1103_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chai H, Tang X, Ni M, Chen F, Zhang Y, Chen D, Qiu Y (2016) Preparation and properties of novel, flexible, lead-free X\u2010ray\u2010shielding materials containing tungsten and bismuth (III) oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 133(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/app.43012","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43012"},{"key":"1103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherry S, Sorenson J, Phelps M (2012) Physics in nuclear medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-5198-5.00001-0"},{"issue":"S2","key":"1103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0885715614000840","volume":"29","author":"T Degen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Degen T, Sadki M, Bron E, K\u00f6nig U, N\u00e9nert G (2014) The highscore suite. Powder Diffr 29(S2):S13\u2013S18","journal-title":"Powder Diffr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-024-07309-w","volume":"130","author":"R Dehghan Banadaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dehghan Banadaki R, Khajeh Aminian M, Vaselnia S (2024) Study the effect of doping cobalt ions into Zn (2\u2013\u2009x) Co x SiO4 [x\u2009=\u20090, 0.056 and 0.167] structures on the optical properties and color parameters: experiment and calculation. Appl Phys A 130(3):162","journal-title":"Appl Phys A"},{"key":"1103_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghaseminejad M, Gholamzadeh L, Adeli R, Shirmardi SP (2022) A comprehensive study of the antibacterial and shielding properties of micro and nano-EPVC lead-free shields. Phys Scr 97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1402-4896\/ac6077","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ac6077"},{"key":"1103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2020.164174","volume":"973","author":"L Gholamzadeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gholamzadeh L, Asari-Shik N, Aminian MK, Ghasemi-Nejad M (2020) A study of the shielding performance of fibers coated with high-Z oxides against ionizing radiations. Nuclear instruments and methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers. Detectors Assoc Equip 973:164174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2020.164174","journal-title":"Detectors Assoc Equip"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2021.07.045","volume":"54","author":"L Gholamzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gholamzadeh L, Sharghi H, Aminian MK (2022) Synthesis of barium-doped PVC\/Bi2WO6 composites for X-ray radiation shielding. Nuclear Eng Technol 54(1):318\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.net.2021.07.045","journal-title":"Nuclear Eng Technol"},{"key":"1103_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.07.107","volume":"172","author":"JW Hong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong JW, Kim DH, Kim SW, Choi SH, Lee G-E, Seo H-K, Kim S-H, Lee Y (2018) Effectiveness evaluation of self-produced micro-and nanosized tungsten materials for radiation shielding with diagnostic X-ray imaging system. Optik 172:760\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.07.107","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"1103_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husain H, Naji NR, Mahmood B (2018) Investigation of gamma ray shielding by polymer composites. In: 1st International Conference on Materials Engineering and Sciences, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul; Turkey, vol 1. IOP Publishing, p 012131","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/454\/1\/012131"},{"key":"1103_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0631-6","volume":"7","author":"S Jayakumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jayakumar S, Saravanan T, Philip J (2017) Preparation, characterization and X-ray attenuation property of Gd 2 O 3-based nanocomposites. Appl Nanosci 7:919\u2013931","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.269","volume":"44","author":"G Kalpana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalpana G, Varuna J, Sanjeevi P, Elango M (2018) Influence of mg concentration on structural, morphological and optical properties of nanoceria. Ceram Int 44(10):11820\u201311827","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"1103_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2021.104423","volume":"26","author":"Y Karabul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karabul Y, \u0130\u00e7elli O (2021) The assessment of usage of epoxy based micro and nano-structured composites enriched with Bi2O3 and WO3 particles for radiation shielding. Results Phys 26:104423","journal-title":"Results Phys"},{"key":"1103_CR22","unstructured":"Khan FM, Gibbons JP (2014) Khan\u2019s the physics of radiation therapy (5th edn). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA"},{"key":"1103_CR24","unstructured":"Kim J, Uhm YR, Byungchul L, Jung J, Rhee CK, Min-Ku L, Lee HM, Lee SH (2012) Radiation shielding members including nano-particles as a radiation shielding material and method for preparing the same. United State, Patent"},{"issue":"9","key":"1103_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201400127","volume":"16","author":"J Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim J, Seo D, Lee BC, Seo YS, Miller WH (2014) Nano-W dispersed Gamma Radiation shielding materials. Adv Eng Mater 16(9):1083\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adem.201400127","journal-title":"Adv Eng Mater"},{"key":"1103_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9810-0","volume-title":"Polymer composites and nanocomposites for x-rays shielding","author":"IM Low","year":"2020","unstructured":"Low IM, Azman NZN (2020) Polymer composites and nanocomposites for x-rays shielding. Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-9810-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-020-00865-8","volume":"59","author":"E Mansouri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansouri E, Mesbahi A, Malekzadeh R, Mansouri A (2020) Shielding characteristics of nanocomposites for protection against X-and gamma rays in medical applications: effect of particle size, photon energy and nano-particle concentration. Radiat Environ Biophys 59(4):583\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-020-00865-8","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"1103_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald J-C (2007) Handbook of radiotherapy physics: theory and practice. CRC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781420012026","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420012026"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2426404","volume":"34","author":"J McCaffrey","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCaffrey J, Shen H, Downton B, Mainegra-Hing E (2007) Radiation attenuation by lead and nonlead materials used in radiation shielding garments. Med Phys 34(2):530\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.2426404","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"1103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3260839","volume":"36","author":"J McCaffrey","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCaffrey J, Mainegra-Hing E, Shen H (2009) Optimizing non\u2010Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers. Med Phys 36(12):5586\u20135594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3260839","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1103_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40097-014-0133-y","volume":"5","author":"M Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq M, Samson Nesaraj A (2015) Soft chemical synthesis and characterization of BaWO4 nanoparticles for photocatalytic removal of rhodamine B present in water sample. J Nanostructure Chem 5:45\u201354","journal-title":"J Nanostructure Chem"},{"key":"1103_CR31","volume-title":"Application of nanomaterials for X-ray shielding and dosimetry in diagnostic radiology","author":"S Nambiar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nambiar S (2015) Application of nanomaterials for X-ray shielding and dosimetry in diagnostic radiology. Doctor of Philosophy, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"},{"issue":"6","key":"1103_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1002\/app.37980","volume":"127","author":"S Nambiar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nambiar S, Osei EK, Yeow JTW (2013) Polymer nanocomposite-based shielding against diagnostic X-rays. J Appl Polym Sci 127(6):4939\u20134946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/app.37980","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-023-01017-4","volume":"62","author":"AF Osman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osman AF, El Balaa H, El Samad O, Awad R, Badawi MS (2023) Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO. Radiat Environ Biophys 62(2):235\u2013251","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"1103_CR34","volume-title":"Study and production SnO nano particles composite for using diagnostic x-ray shielding","author":"E Pakravn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pakravn E (2018) Study and production SnO nano particles composite for using diagnostic x-ray shielding. Master Of physics, Yazd University, Yazd"},{"issue":"10","key":"1103_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16103866","volume":"16","author":"S Palanisami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palanisami S, Dhandapani VS, Jayachandran V, Muniappan E, Park D, Kim B, Govindasami K (2023a) Investigation on Physico Chemical and X-ray shielding performance of Zinc Doped Nano-WO3 Epoxy Composite for Light Weight lead free aprons. Materials 16(10):3866","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"1103_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2023.114496","volume":"145","author":"S Palanisami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palanisami S, Jayachandran V, Kalpana G, Elango M, Godlaveeti SK, Sangaraju S, Tawfeek AM (2023b) Lead-free X-Ray shielding aprons using Zn-doped SnO2 epoxy nanocomposite: a promising alternative to traditional heavy and lead-based materials. Opt Mater 145:114496","journal-title":"Opt Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"1103_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-024-01314-8","volume":"39","author":"S Palanisami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palanisami S, Jayachandran V, Posha A, Kalpana G, Elango M (2024) A systematic investigation on the potential X-ray attenuation properties of Mg-doped SnO2 epoxy nanocomposite-based aprons as an alternate for lead commercial aprons. J Mater Res 39(9):1358\u20131372","journal-title":"J Mater Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3993","volume":"30","author":"AB Schroeder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schroeder AB, Dobson ET, Rueden CT, Tomancak P, Jug F, Eliceiri KW (2021) The ImageJ ecosystem: open-source software for image visualization, processing, and analysis. Protein Sci 30(1):234\u2013249","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"1103_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.03.025","volume":"139","author":"NA Shik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shik NA, Gholamzadeh L (2018) X-ray shielding performance of the EPVC composites with micro-or nanoparticles of WO3, PbO or Bi2O3. Appl Radiat Isot 139:61\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.03.025","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"1103_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.07.033","volume":"65","author":"G Tang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tang G, Tang H, Li C, Li W, Ji X (2011) Surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of WS2 nanorods. Mater Lett 65(23\u201324):3457\u20133460","journal-title":"Mater Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"1103_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22983","volume":"36","author":"H Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang H, Su Y, Liu T, Yu H, Yang Y, Li X, Guo B (2015) Preparation and radiation shielding properties of Gd2O3\/PEEK composites. Polym Compos 36(4):651\u2013659","journal-title":"Polym Compos"},{"key":"1103_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2018.12.007","volume":"127","author":"Y-C Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu Y-C, Song C, Ding X-Y, Zhao Y, Xu D-G, Zhang Q-P, Zhou Y-L (2019) Tailoring lattices of Bi2WO6 crystals via ce doping to improve the shielding properties against low-energy gamma rays. J Phys Chem Solids 127:76\u201380","journal-title":"J Phys Chem Solids"}],"container-title":["Radiation and Environmental Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T14:28:37Z","timestamp":1743863317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-024-01103-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5069271\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0301-634X","1432-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-634X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}