{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:06:38Z","timestamp":1781625998982,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006529","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Strahlenschutz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006529","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Environ Biophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2025, the guideline for the realisation of monitoring of occupational intakes of radionuclides (internal monitoring) in Germany was revised. For this purpose, an expert workgroup was mandated to consider the amended German radiation protection legislation, amended international standards and recommendations as well as other recent developments in the subject area. The methodology of the revised guideline for the calculation of the likely committed effective dose based on the handled activity and incorporation factors adapts international recommendations and standards. However, the definitions and values of the subfactors from which the incorporation factors are calculated deviate from international recommendations, for example the physical form safety factor considers the volume or mass of the handled radioactive material. For applications in nuclear medicine, specific incorporation factors based on recent literature are tabulated. Regarding the monitoring of persons of childbearing potential, an assessment of the equivalent dose for the uterus and if required a monthly monitoring are prescribed. Quality assurance of approved monitoring services is based optionally on accreditation or on audits by public authorities. For workplace monitoring, technical requirements, in particular quality-assurance procedures, are also specified. Regarding the dose assessment, a reference method and several individual methods are described, with the investigation threshold for changing to individual methods corresponding to an effective dose of 6 mSv during the calendar year. For the reference method, standard assumptions (inhalation, AMAD 5\u00a0\u03bcm for workplaces, 1\u00a0\u03bcm for emergency workers with environmental exposure) are applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:16:13Z","timestamp":1766060173000},"page":"37-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The revised German guideline on the monitoring for intakes of radionuclides"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Meisenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"L\u00f6scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"van Appeldorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Breustedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Froning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gehre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0883-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Giussani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heribert","family":"H\u00e4nscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kratzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Wanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Imig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1183_CR1","unstructured":"BfS (2022) Bekanntmachung der Dosiskoeffizienten zur Berechnung der Strahlenexposition f\u00fcr das ungeborene Kind nach Inkorporation von Radionukliden durch die Mutter (Publication of dose coefficients for the calculation of the radiation exposure for the unborn child following an incorporation of radionuclides by the mother; in German). Federal Bulletin BAnz AT 04.07.2022 B13. Federal Office for Radiation Protection (editor)"},{"key":"1183_CR2","unstructured":"BfS (2025) Richtlinie f\u00fcr die physikalische Strahlenschutzkontrolle zur Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosis bei innerer Exposition \u2013 Richtlinie Inkorporations\u00fcberwachung (Guideline for Physical Radiation Protection Monitoring for Determining Equivalent and Effective Doses in the Case of Internal Exposure \u2013 Guideline on the Monitoring for Intakes of Radionuclides; in German). Federal Office for Radiation Protection (editor). https:\/\/doris.bfs.de\/jspui\/handle\/urn:nbn:de:0221-2025080153858."},{"key":"1183_CR3","unstructured":"BMU (2007) Richtlinie f\u00fcr die physikalische Strahlenschutzkontrolle zur Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosen Teil 2: Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosis bei innerer Strahlenexposition (Inkorporations\u00fcberwachung) (Guideline for the physical radiation protection monitoring for the assessment of doses, part 2: assessment of doses due to internal exposure; internal monitoring; in German). Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety (editor)"},{"key":"1183_CR4","first-page":"94","volume":"33","author":"A Brodsky","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brodsky A (1977) Experience with intakes of tritium from various processes. Health Phys 33:94\u201398","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"1183_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-198012000-00019","volume":"39","author":"A Brodsky","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brodsky A (1980) Resuspension factors and probabilities of intake of material in process (Or is 10\u20136 a magic number in health Physics?). Health Phys 39:992\u20131000","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"1183_CR6","volume-title":"IDEAS guidelines (Version 2) for the estimation of committed doses from incorporation monitoring data","author":"CM Castellani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castellani CM, Marsh JW, Hurtgen C, Blanchardon E, Berard P, Giussani A, Lopez MA (2013) IDEAS guidelines (Version 2) for the estimation of committed doses from incorporation monitoring data. EURADOS, Braunschweig"},{"key":"1183_CR7","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (2013) Council Directive 2013\/59\/EURATOM of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation"},{"key":"1183_CR8","volume-title":"Radiation Protection No. 188","author":"G Etherington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Etherington G, Giussani A, L\u00f3pez MA, B\u00e9rard P, Blanchardon E, Breustedt B, Castellani C-M, Challeton-de Vathaire C (2018) Radiation Protection No. 188. Technical Recommendations for Monitoring Individuals for Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides. European Commission, Luxembourg"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1183_CR9.1","unstructured":"GMBL (2025) Richtlinie f\u00fcr die physikalische Strahlenschutzkontrolle zur Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosis bei innerer Exposition - Richtlinie Inkorporations\u00fcberwachung (Guideline for Physical Radiation Protection Monitoring for Determining Equivalent and Effective Doses in the Case of Internal Exposure - Guideline on the Monitoring for Intakes of Radionuclides"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1183_CR9.2","unstructured":"in German). Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt GMBl (Joint Ministerial Bulletin) 2025, page 902"},{"key":"1183_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"C Happel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Happel C, Bockisch B, Kratzel U, Gr\u00fcnwald F, Kranert WT (2017) Five years of incorporation monitoring on an 131I therapy ward - Is incorporation monitoring required for routine? Rep Thyroid Res 1:1\u20137","journal-title":"Rep Thyroid Res"},{"key":"1183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICRP (2015) Occupational intakes of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP publication 130. Ann ICRP 44 (2)","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645315577539"},{"key":"1183_CR12","volume-title":"ISO 20553:2006-04 radiation protection - Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination with","author":"ISO","year":"2006","unstructured":"ISO (2006) ISO 20553:2006-04 Radiation protection - Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination with radioactive material. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR13","volume-title":"ISO 27048:2011-01 radiation protection - Dose assessment for the monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure","author":"ISO","year":"2011","unstructured":"ISO (2011) ISO 27048:2011-01 Radiation protection - Dose assessment for the monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR14","volume-title":"ISO 16637:2016-02 radiological protection - Monitoring and internal dosimetry for staff members exposed to medical radionuclides as unsealed sources","author":"ISO","year":"2016","unstructured":"ISO (2016) ISO 16637:2016-02 Radiological protection - Monitoring and internal dosimetry for staff members exposed to medical radionuclides as unsealed sources. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR15","volume-title":"ISO\/IEC 17025:2017-11 general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories","author":"ISO","year":"2017","unstructured":"ISO (2017) ISO\/IEC 17025:2017-11 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR16","volume-title":"ISO 11929-1:2019-02 determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the coverage interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation - Fundamentals and application - Part 1: elementary applications","author":"ISO","year":"2019","unstructured":"ISO (2019) ISO 11929-1:2019-02 Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the coverage interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation - Fundamentals and application - Part 1: elementary applications. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR17","volume-title":"ISO 20553:2025-01 radiation protection - Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination with","author":"ISO","year":"2025","unstructured":"ISO (2025) ISO 20553:2025-01 Radiation protection - Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination with radioactive material. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"1183_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meisenberg O, Mohsin A (2025) Challenges in the dose calculation from urine measurements in routine internal monitoring of 131I and other radionuclides. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 64:409-416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-025-01129-z"},{"key":"1183_CR19","unstructured":"StrlSchG (2017) Act on the Protection against the Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation (Radiation Protection Act, Strahlenschutzgesetz) of June 27th, 2017, last amended on January 3rd, 2022"},{"key":"1183_CR20","unstructured":"StrlSchV (2018) Ordinance on the Protection Against the Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation (Radiation Protection Ordinance, Strahlenschutzverordnung) of November 29th, 2018, last amended on October 8th, 2021"},{"key":"1183_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1759-1940","volume":"61","author":"C Wanke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wanke C, Szermerski B, Geworski L (2022) Inkorporations\u00fcberwachung des Personals einer nuklearmedizinischen Therapiestation mit Einsatz von I-131 und Lu-177 (Incorporation monitoring of staff using I-131 and Lu-177 in a nuclear medicine ward, in German). Nuklearmedizin 61:333\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1759-1940","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"}],"container-title":["Radiation and Environmental Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:23:07Z","timestamp":1781623387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-025-01183-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-634X","1432-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-634X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}