{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:16:49Z","timestamp":1789417009780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]],"date-time":"2012-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T10:27:45Z","timestamp":1355826465000},"page":"791-797","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Muzzle-loading weapons discharging spherical lead bullets: two case studies and experimental simulation using a skin\u2013soap composite model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Braunwarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kromeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Nadjem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Thierauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"808_CR1","first-page":"109","volume":"45","author":"U Cremer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cremer U (1987) Attempt at reconstructing an unusual suicidal multiple gunshot injury. Beitr Gerichtl Med 45:109\u2013115","journal-title":"Beitr Gerichtl Med"},{"key":"808_CR2","first-page":"486","volume":"28","author":"D Haan De","year":"1983","unstructured":"De Haan D (1983) Homicide with a black powder handgun. J Forensic Sci 28:486\u2013491","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"808_CR3","unstructured":"Di Maio VJM (1999) Gunshot wounds. Practical aspects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 29\u201330, 47\u201348, 53\u201358, 355\u2013377"},{"key":"808_CR4","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Terminal ballistics. A text and atlas of gunshot wounds","author":"MJ Dodd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dodd MJ (2006) Terminal ballistics. A text and atlas of gunshot wounds. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 77\u201382"},{"key":"808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11388J","volume":"26","author":"J Eisele","year":"1981","unstructured":"Eisele J, Reay W, Cook DT (1981) Sites of suicidal gunshot wounds. J Forensic Sci 26:480\u2013485","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00957.x","volume":"54","author":"M Frank","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frank M, Rademacher G, Schmucker U, David S, Ekkernkamp A (2009) In the line of fire\u201421st-century approach to an ancient war injury. J Forensic Sci 54:408\u2013410","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0529-2","volume":"125","author":"M Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp M, Arnold M, Merkel J, Mierdel K, Braunwarth R, Kneubuehl BP, Pollak S, Thierauf A (2011) GSR deposition along the bullet path in contact shots to composite models. Int J Legal Med 125:67\u201373","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0450-8","volume":"124","author":"M Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp M, Kneubuehl BP, Ishikawa T, Nadjem H, Kromeier J, Pollak S, Thierauf A (2010) Secondary skull fractures in head wounds inflicted by captive bolt guns: autopsy findings and experimental simulation. Int J Legal Med 124:605\u2013612","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR9","first-page":"58","volume":"2","author":"M Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp M, Pollak S, Thierauf A (2011) Composite models simulating soft tissue targets in experimental ballistics. Fol Soc Med Leg Slov 2:58\u201362","journal-title":"Fol Soc Med Leg Slov"},{"key":"808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0161-y","volume":"122","author":"M Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gro\u00dfe Perdekamp M, Vennemann B, Kneubuehl BP, Uhl M, Treier M, Braunwarth R, Pollak S (2008) Effect of shortening the barrel in contact shots from rifles and shotguns. Int J Legal Med 122:81\u201385","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70269-2","volume":"17","author":"CW Hanke","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hanke CW, Conner AC, Probst EL Jr, Fondak AA (1987) Blast tattoos resulting from black powder firearms. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:819\u2013825","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c1318b","volume":"30","author":"S Hartwig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartwig S, Tsokos M, Byard R (2009) Black powder handgun deaths remain an uncommon event. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 30:350\u2013353","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-011-9304-z","volume":"8","author":"P Hejna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hejna P, \u0160afr M, Z\u00e1topkov\u00e1 L, Straka L (2012) Complex suicide with black powder muzzle loading derringer. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 8:296\u2013300","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-002-0325-8","volume":"116","author":"B Karger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Karger B, Billeb E, Koops E, Brinkmann B (2002) Autopsy features relevant for discrimination between suicidal and homicidal gunshot injuries. Int J Legal Med 116:273\u2013278","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00151-0","volume":"98","author":"B Karger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Karger B, Teige K (1998) Fatalities from black powder percussion handguns. Forensic Sci Int 98:143\u2013149","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"808_CR16","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Wound ballistics. Basics and applications","author":"BP Kneubuehl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kneubuehl BP, Coupland RM, Rothschild MA, Thali MJ (2011) Wound ballistics. Basics and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 104\u2013105"},{"key":"808_CR17","first-page":"205","volume":"41","author":"Z Kovac","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kovac Z, Kelenc D, Hancevic J, Baskot A, Mikulic D (2002) The application of computed tomography in the analysis of permanent cavity: a new method in terminal ballistics. Acta Clin Croat 41:205\u2013209","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"808_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"174","author":"W Krauland","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krauland W (1984) Evaluation of fatal gunshot injuries (the weapon in the hand). Arch Kriminol 174:1\u201322","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11362J","volume":"26","author":"DI Labowitz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Labowitz DI, Menzies RC, Scroggie RJ (1981) Characteristics and wounding effects of a black powder handgun. J Forensic Sci 26:288\u2013301","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"808_CR20","first-page":"113","volume":"38","author":"J Leymann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Leymann J, Althoff H (1980) Occipital gunshots\u2014a new frequent form of fatal gunshot injury? Beitr Gerichtl Med 38:113\u2013117","journal-title":"Beitr Gerichtl Med"},{"key":"808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01369813","volume":"104","author":"K Lieske","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lieske K, Janssen W, Kulle K-J (1991) Intensive gunshot residues at the exit wound: an examination using a head model. Int J Legal Med 104:235\u2013238","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR22","first-page":"19","volume":"177","author":"H Maxeiner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Maxeiner H, Horn W, Beyer W, Mittelhaube V (1986) Reconstruction of a suicide by a homemade firearm. Arch Kriminol 177:19\u201328","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"808_CR23","first-page":"685","volume":"48","author":"J Missliwetz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Missliwetz J, Wieser I (1990) Medical and technical aspects of the effect of weapons III. Black powder muzzle-loading guns. Beitr Gerichtl Med 48:685\u2013696","journal-title":"Beitr Gerichtl Med"},{"key":"808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9177-6","volume":"6","author":"JJ Pavelites","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavelites JJ, Kintzele D, Fotia P, Prahlow JA (2010) Death by black powder revolver: a case report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6:298\u2013303","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"808_CR25","first-page":"493","volume":"40","author":"S Pollak","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pollak S (1982) Macro- and micromorphology of bullet wounds caused by handguns. Beitr Gerichtl Med 40:493\u2013520","journal-title":"Beitr Gerichtl Med"},{"key":"808_CR26","unstructured":"Pollak S, Bauer G, Friedrich-Sch\u00f6ler E, Skala O, Stellwag-Carion C (1981) Zur Kasuistik suizidaler Nacken- und Hinterhauptssch\u00fcsse. In: Festschrift Nationalpreistr\u00e4ger Professor Dr. Otto Prokop zum 60. Geburtstag. Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t, Berlin, pp 72\u201383"},{"key":"808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.054","volume":"144","author":"S Pollak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pollak S, Rothschild MA (2004) Gunshot injuries as a topic of medicolegal research in the German-speaking countries from the beginning of the 20th century up to the present time. Forensic Sci Int 144:201\u2013210","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"808_CR28","unstructured":"Pollak S, Saukko P (2003) Injuries due to guns and explosives. In: Atlas of forensic medicine. CD-ROM. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Figs 7.1.070\u20137.1.078, 7.2.17\u20137.2.20"},{"key":"808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0145-3","volume":"122","author":"GN Rutty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rutty GN, Boyce P, Robinson CE, Jeffery AJ, Mergan B (2007) The role of computed tomography in terminal ballistic analysis. Int J Legal Med 122:1\u20135","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"808_CR30","first-page":"96","volume":"187","author":"W Schollmeyer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schollmeyer W, Lindner D (1991) Morphology of Kr\u00f6nlein cranial gunshot exemplified by a suicide with a model cannon. Arch Kriminol 187:96\u2013102","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"808_CR31","first-page":"309","volume":"22","author":"C Schyma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schyma C, Lux C, Madea B (2012) Gasdruckanalyse im ballistischen Modell. Rechtsmedizin 22:309","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199009000-00013","volume":"11","author":"RI Vila","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vila RI, Martin JV, Wetli CV, Freeman R (1990) Accidental death from a black-powder rifle breech plug. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 11:241\u2013243","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c65e49","volume":"31","author":"MX Voisard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Voisard MX, Kneubuehl BP (2010) Danger assessment of a spring-gun device (muzzleloader) loaded only with black powder. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 31:95\u201397","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"808_CR34","first-page":"191","volume":"89","author":"W Weimann","year":"1931","unstructured":"Weimann W (1931) Die Flammenwirkung bei Waffen mit rauchstarker Munition. Arch Kriminol 89:191\u2013195","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T22:44:17Z","timestamp":1595112257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0808-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]}}}