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Automatic and radiological age estimation methods were applied to the original image data as well as undersampled data to investigate the reliability of age estimates with decreasing acquisition time. Reliability was investigated determining standard deviation (SSD) and mean (MSD) of signed differences, intra-class correlation (ICC) and by performing Bland-Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Automatic age estimation generally showed very high reliability (SSD\u2009&lt;\u20090.90\u00a0years) even for very short acquisition times (SSD\u2009\u2248\u20090.20\u00a0years for a total <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> of 4\u00a0min). Radiological age estimation provided highly reliable results for images of the hand (ICC\u2009\u2265\u20090.96) and the teeth (ICC\u2009\u2265\u20090.79) for short acquisition times (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200916\u00a0s for the hand, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092:21\u00a0min for the teeth), imaging data of the clavicles allowed for moderate acceleration (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091:25\u00a0min, ICC\u2009\u2265\u20090.71).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results demonstrate that reliable multi-factorial age estimation based on MRI of the hand, wisdom teeth and the clavicles can be performed using images acquired with a total acquisition time of 4\u00a0min.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02231-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T10:02:26Z","timestamp":1576749746000},"page":"1475-1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The four-minute approach revisited: accelerating MRI-based multi-factorial age estimation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4439-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Neumayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2492-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Lesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Thaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Widek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Tschauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannick","family":"De Tobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ehammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8944-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kirnbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Boldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayonne","family":"van Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Stollberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Urschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000329372","volume":"76","author":"DD Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin DD, Wit JM, Hochberg Z, S\u00e4vendahl L, van Rijn R, Fricke O, Cameron N, Caliebe J, Hertel T, Kiepe D, Albertsson-Wikland K, Thodberg HH, Binder G, Ranke MB (2011) The use of bone age in clinical practice\u2014part 1. 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