{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:07:22Z","timestamp":1767139642629,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"K\u00f6lnFortune","award":["231\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231\/2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In cases where there is a question as to whether children have come into contact with drugs, examinations of their scalp hair are frequently carried out. Positive test results are often discussed in the forensic community due to the various possible modes via which drugs and their metabolites can be incorporated into the hair. These include drug uptake by the child (e.g. oral ingestion or inhalation), but also contamination of hair via contact with the sweat from drug users. In this study, the possibility of methadone and its metabolite EDDP being incorporated into children\u2019s hair by contact with sweat from persons undergoing opiate maintenance therapy (methadone) was examined. The transfer of methadone and EDDP via sweat from methadone patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) to children\u2019s hair was simulated by close skin contact of drug-free children\u2019s hair, encased in mesh-pouches, for 5\u00a0days. Sweat-collecting patches (hereafter referred to as \u2018sweat patches\u2019) were applied to the test persons\u2019 skin. One strand of hair and one sweat patch were collected daily from each patient. Analyses were performed using GC\u2013MS\/MS (hair) and LC\u2013MS\/MS (serum, sweat patches). After 4\u00a0days of skin contact, methadone was detectable in the formerly drug-free hair strands in all 15 study participants. EDDP was detectable in 34 of 75 hair strands, with the maximum number of positive results (11 EDDP-positive hair strands) being detected after 5\u00a0days. These results show that transfer of methadone and EDDP to drug-free hair is possible through close skin contact with individuals taking part in methadone substitution programmes. A correlation between serum concentration, sweat concentration and substance concentration in hair strands could not be demonstrated, but a tendency towards higher concentrations due to longer contact time is clearly evident.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T18:02:40Z","timestamp":1617645760000},"page":"1799-1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evidence for the transfer of methadone and EDDP by sweat to children\u2019s hair"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Feld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kieliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Klee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus A.","family":"Rothschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilke","family":"Andresen-Streichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Beike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12464","volume":"59","author":"G Tournel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tournel G, Pollard J, Humbert L, Wiart JF, H\u00e9douin V, Allorge D (2014) Use of hair testing to determine methadone exposure in pediatric deaths. J Forensic Sci 59(5):1436\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12464","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2576_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110202288","volume":"11","author":"S Pichini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pichini S, Garcia-Algar O, Alvarez A, Gottardi M, Marchei E, Svaizer F, Pellegrini M, Rotolo MC, Pacifici R (2014) Assessment of unsuspected exposure to drugs of abuse in children from a Mediterranean city by hair testing. Int J Environ Re Public Health 11:2288\u20132298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110202288","journal-title":"Int J Environ Re Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2576_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31829a78c3","volume":"35","author":"F Pragst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pragst F, Broecker S, Hastedt M, Herre S, Andresen-Streichert H, Sachs H, Tsokos M (2013) Methadone and illegal drugs in hair from children with parents in maintenance treatment or suspected for drug abuse in a German community. Ther Drug Monit 35(6):737\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31829a78c3","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2576_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.98.7.318","volume":"98","author":"A Boroda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boroda A, Gray W (2005) Hair analysis for drugs in child abuse. J R Soc Med 98:318\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/jrsm.98.7.318","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2576_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.028","volume":"257","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang X, Drummer OH (2015) Review: interpretation of drug presence in the hair of children. Forensic Sci Int 257:458\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.028","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.033","volume":"196","author":"P Kintz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kintz P, Evans J, Villain M, Cirimele V (2010) Interpretation of hair findings in children after methadone poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 196:51\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.033","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024","volume":"218","author":"Cooper GAA, Kronstrand R, Kintz P, Society of Hair Testing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cooper GAA, Kronstrand R, Kintz P, Society of Hair Testing (2012) Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci Int 218:20\u201324","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024","volume":"280","author":"P Kintz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kintz P, Farrugia A, Ameline A, Eibel A, Raul JS (2017) High risk of misinterpreting hair analysis results for children tested for methadone. Forensic Sci Int 280:176\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31811f1bbe","volume":"29","author":"N Fucci","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fucci N, De Giovanni N (2007) Methadone in hair and sweat from patients in long-term maintenance therapy. Ther Drug Monit 29:452\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31811f1bbe","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2576_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintz P, Salomone A, Vincenti M (2015) Chapter 6 \u2013 experiences in child hair analysis. In: Hair Analysis in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology. Academic Press as an Imprint of Elsevier London. Pp. 161 ff","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801700-5.00006-6"},{"issue":"Special Issue","key":"2576_CR11","first-page":"354","volume":"80","author":"K Boomgaarden-Brandes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boomgaarden-Brandes K, Tobias N, Koc J, Sachs H, M\u00fchlbauer B (2013) From palm to hair: transmissibility of methadone and its metabolite EDDP. Toxichem Krimtech 80(Special Issue):354","journal-title":"Toxichem Krimtech"},{"key":"2576_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230410001704208","volume":"23","author":"K Dolan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dolan K, Rouen D, Kimber J (2004) An overview of the use of urine, hair, sweat and saliva to detect drug use. Drug Alcohol Rev 23:213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230410001704208","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2576_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2228-0","volume":"392","author":"BR Brunet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brunet BR, Barnes AJ, Scheidweiler KB, Mura P, Huestis MA (2008) Development and validation of a solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of methadone, heroin, cocaine and metabolites in sweat. Anal Bioanal Chem 392:115\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-008-2228-0","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2576_CR14","unstructured":"Peters FT, Hartung M, Herbold M, Schmitt G, Daldrup T, Musshoff F (2009) Appendix B - Requirements for the validation of analytical methods. English translation, original German version published in Toxichem Krimtech. 76:185\u2013208. https:\/\/www.gtfch.org\/cms\/index.php\/en\/guidelines. Accessed November 28, 2019"},{"key":"2576_CR15","unstructured":"Musshoff F, Skopp G, Pragst F, Sachs H, Thieme D (2009) Appendix C - Quality requirements for the analysis of hair samples. English translation, original German version published in Toxichem Krimtech. 76:209\u2013216. https:\/\/www.gtfch.org\/cms\/index.php\/en\/guidelines. Accessed November 28, 2019"},{"key":"2576_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.7.615","volume":"23","author":"FR Galloway","year":"1999","unstructured":"Galloway FR, Bellet NF (1999) Methadone conversion to EDDP during GC-MS analysis of urine samples. J Anal Toxicol 23:615\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/23.7.615","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2576_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90256-a","volume":"63","author":"GL Henderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Henderson GL (1993) Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair. Forensic Sci Int 63(1\u20133):19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90256-a","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12301","volume":"59","author":"C Chatterton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chatterton C, Turner K, Klinger N, Etter M, Duez M, Cirimele V (2014) Interpretation of pharmaceutical drug concentrations in young children\u2019s head hair. J Forensic Sci 59:281\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12301","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2576_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241140-00003","volume":"41","author":"CB Eap","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eap CB, Buclin T, Baumann P (2002) Interindividual variability of the clinical pharmacokinetics of methadone: implications for the treatment of opioid dependence. Clin Pharmacokinet 41:1153\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-200241140-00003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2576_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05277-1","volume":"236","author":"F Chalabianloo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chalabianloo F, Westin AA, Skogvoll E, Bramness JG, Spigset O (2019) Methadone serum concentrations and influencing factors: a naturalistic observational study. Psychopharmacol 236:3159\u20133167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-019-05277-1","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2576_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku096","volume":"38","author":"SH Diong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diong SH, MohdYusoff NS, Sim MS et al (2014) Quantitation of methadone and metabolite in patients under maintenance treatment. J Anal Toxicol 38:660\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bku096","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2576_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.362","volume":"20","author":"ME Alburges","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alburges ME, Huang W, Foltz RL, Moody DE (1996) Determination of methadone and its N-demethylation metabolites in biological specimens by GC-PICI-MS. J Anal Toxicol 20:362\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/20.6.362","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2576_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00165-6","volume":"107","author":"AC Lucas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucas AC, Bermejo AM, Tabernero MJ, Fern\u00e1ndez P, Strano-Rossi S (2000) Use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of methadone and EDDP in human hair by GC-MS. Forensic Sci Int 107:225\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00165-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90273-d","volume":"63","author":"MR Moeller","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moeller MR, Fey P, Wennig R (1993) Simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and amphetamine) in human hair by GC\/MS and its application to a methadone treatment program. Forensic Sci Int 63:185\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(93)90273-d","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1385\/FSMP:1:2:097","volume":"1","author":"F Musshoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Musshoff F, Lachenmeier K, Lachenmeier DW, Wollersen H, Madea B (2005) Dose\u2013concentration relationships of methadone and EDDP in hair of patients on a methadone-maintenance program. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 1:97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/FSMP:1:2:097","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"2576_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(00)00403-5","volume":"117","author":"C Girod","year":"2001","unstructured":"Girod C, Staub C (2001) Methadone and EDDP in hair from human subjects following a maintenance program: results of a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 117:175\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(00)00403-5","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.824477","volume":"43","author":"C Gambelunghe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gambelunghe C, Rossi R, Aroni K et al (2013) Sweat testing to monitor drug exposure. Ann Clin Lab Sci 43:22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2013.824477","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2576_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.010","volume":"174","author":"N Fucci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fucci N, De Giovanni N, Scarlata S (2008) Sweat testing in addicts under methadone treatment: an Italian experience. Forensic Sci Int 174:107\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4392-2","volume":"400","author":"M Concheiro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Concheiro M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA (2011) Simultaneous analysis of buprenorphine, methadone, cocaine, opiates and nicotine metabolites in sweat by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:69\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-4392-2","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2576_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.6.298","volume":"18","author":"EJ Cone","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cone EJ, Hillsgrove MJ, Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Darwin WD (1994) Sweat testing for heroin, cocaine, and metabolites. J Anal Toxicol 18:298\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/18.6.298","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2576_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.039","volume":"297","author":"F Pragst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pragst F, Krumbiegel F, Thurmann D, Westendorf L, Methling M, Niebel A, Hartwig S (2019) Hair analysis of more than 140 families with drug consuming parents. Comparison between hair results from adults and their children. For Sci Int 297:161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.039","journal-title":"For Sci Int"},{"key":"2576_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14906","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14906","volume":"5","author":"B Moosmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moosmann B, Roth N, Auw\u00e4rter V (2015) Finding cannabinoids in hair does not prove cannabis consumption. Sci Rep 5:14906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep14906","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02602-2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1628557864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02576-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02602-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02602-2","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article contains results of a clinical study with human participants. The ethical framework conditions were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne. In the course of the study, the ethical guidelines were adhered to. The study was also registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00009854).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}