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Samples from all pulmonary lobes were investigated by conventional histological methods as well as with the immunohistochemical markers Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) and Surfactant protein A1 (SP-A). Particular attention was paid to alveolar septum ends (\u201cdead-ends\u201d) suspected as rupture spots, which were additionally analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The findings in the four diagnostic groups were compared using multivariate analysis and 1-way ANOVA analysis. All morphological findings were found in all four groups. Based on histological and macroscopic findings, a multivariate analysis was able to predict the correct diagnosis \u201cAE\u2009+\u2009CE\u201d with a probability of 50%, and the diagnoses \u201cAE\u201d and \u201cCE\u201d with a probability of 86% each. Three types of \u201cdead-ends\u201d could be differentiated. One type (\u201cfringed ends\u201d) was observed significantly more frequently in AE. The immunohistochemical markers AQP-5 and SP-A did not show significant differences among the examined groups. Though a reliable identification of AE in CE could not be achieved using the examined parameters, our findings suggest that considering many different findings from the macroscopical, histomorphological, and molecular level by multivariate analysis is an approach that should be followed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02619-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T10:03:10Z","timestamp":1624874590000},"page":"133-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acute or chronic pulmonary emphysema? 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