{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:43:48Z","timestamp":1792874628744,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:03:07Z","timestamp":1641686587000},"page":"1745-1754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of cadaveric vitreous humor as an innovative substrate for diatoms research and forensic diagnosis of drowning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tambuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guendalina","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Andreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2759_CR1","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Knight\u2019s forensic pathology","author":"B Knight","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knight B, Saukko P (2004) Immersion deaths. In: Knight B, Saukko P (eds) Knight\u2019s forensic pathology, 3rd edn. E Arnold, London, pp 395\u2013411","edition":"3"},{"key":"2759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.06.003","volume":"66","author":"L Stephenson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stephenson L, Van den Heuvel C, Byard RW (2019) The persistent problem of drowning - a difficult diagnosis with inconclusive tests. J Forensic Leg Med 66:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.06.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"2759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.12116\/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.03.013","volume":"35","author":"JQ Jian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jian JQ, Liu NG, Chen YJ (2019) Research progress in virtopsy of drowning. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 35:328\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12116\/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.03.013","journal-title":"Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1359-7","volume":"130","author":"E R\u00e1cz","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00e1cz E, K\u00f6ncz\u00f6l F, T\u00f3th D, Patonai Z, Porp\u00e1czy Z, Kozma Z, Po\u00f3r VS, Sipos K (2016) PCR-based identification of drowning: four case reports. Int J Legal Med 130:1303\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-016-1359-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"2759_CR5","first-page":"400","volume":"23","author":"G Lorin de la Grandmaison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Paraire F (2003) Place of pathology in the forensic diagnosis of drowning. Ann Pathol 23:400\u2013407","journal-title":"Ann Pathol"},{"key":"2759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.10.027","volume":"163","author":"MH Piette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piette MH, De Letter EA (2006) Drowning: still a difficult autopsy diagnosis. Forensic Sci Int 163:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.10.027","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(02)00125-1","volume":"127","author":"S Krstic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krstic S, Duma A, Janevska B, Levkov Z, Nikolova K, Noveska M (2002) Diatoms in forensic expertise of drowning \u2013 a Macedonian experience. Forensic Sci Int 127:198\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(02)00125-1","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13928J","volume":"41","author":"B Ludes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ludes B, Coste M, Tracqui A, Mangin P (1996) Continuous river monitoring of the diatoms in the diagnosis of drowning. J Forensic Sci 41:425\u2013428","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14111J","volume":"42","author":"MS Pollanen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pollanen MS, Cheung C, Chiasson DA (1997) The diagnostic value of the diatom test for drowning, I. Utility: a retrospective analysis of 771 cases of drowning in Ontario, Canada. J Forensic Sci 42:281\u2013285","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1115-9","volume":"129","author":"E Muccino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muccino E, Crudele GD, Gentile G, Marchesi M, Rancati A, Zoja R (2015) Suicide drowning in the non-coastal territory of Milan. Int J Legal Med 129:777\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1115-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"2759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900122","volume":"114","author":"J H\u00fcrlimann","year":"2000","unstructured":"H\u00fcrlimann J, Feer P, Elber F, Niederberger K, Dirnhofer R, Wyler D (2000) Diatom detection in the diagnosis of death by drowning. Int J Legal Med 114:6\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004149900122","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"2759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.005","volume":"190","author":"T Takeichi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takeichi T, Kitamura O (2009) Detection of diatom in formalin-fixed tissue by proteinase K digestion. Forensic Sci Int 190:19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR13","first-page":"40","volume":"25","author":"YF Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang YF, Cheng C, Wang Z, Lin YY, Lin F, Ma XF, Chen H (2009) Improved nitric acid digestion method for detecting diatom in autopsy tissue. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 25:40\u201341","journal-title":"Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00056-0","volume":"103","author":"L Sidari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sidari L, Di Nunno N, Costantinides F, Melato M (1999) Diatom test with Soluene-350 to diagnose drowning in sea water. Forensic Sci Int 103:61\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00056-0","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101861","volume":"50","author":"F Marezza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marezza F, Marchetti C, Lanzi G, Lusetti A, Bertani A, Cecchi R (2021) Diatom extraction: a new technique with heated H2O2 A technical note. Leg Med 50:101861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101861","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"2759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182868ee1","volume":"34","author":"AD Cala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cala AD, Vilain R, Tse R (2013) Elevated postmortem vitreous sodium and chloride levels distinguish saltwater drowning (SWD) deaths from immersion deaths not related to drowning but recovered from saltwater (DNRD). Am J Forensic Med Pathol 34:133\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182868ee1","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"2759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01735.x","volume":"56","author":"RW Byard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Byard RW, Summersides G (2011) Vitreous humor sodium levels in immersion deaths. J Forensic Sci 56:643\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01735.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.06.001","volume":"266","author":"J Garland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garland J, Tse R, Oldmeadow C, Attia J, Anne S, Cala AD (2016) Elevation of post mortem vitreous humour sodium and chloride levels can be used as a reliable test in cases of suspected salt water drowning when the immersion times are less than one hour. Forensic Sci Int 266:338\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.06.001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000351","volume":"38","author":"R Tse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tse R, Kuo TC, Kesha K, Garland J, Garland S, Anne S, Elstub H, Cala A (2017) Postmortem vitreous humor magnesium does not elevate in salt water drowning when the immersion time is less than an hour. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 38:298\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000351","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"2759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110235","volume":"310","author":"N Pigaiani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pigaiani N, Bertaso A, De Palo EF, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F (2020) Vitreous humor endogenous compounds analysis for post-mortem forensic investigation. Forensic Sci Int 310:110235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110235","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.011","volume":"41","author":"SL Belsey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belsey SL, Flanagan RJ (2016) Postmortem biochemistry: current applications. J Forensic Leg Med 41:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.011","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"2759_CR22","unstructured":"Streble H, Krauter D (2002) Diatomee. In: Streble H, Krauter D (eds) Atlante dei microrganismi acquatici - La vita in una goccia d\u2019acqua. F. Muzzio & C. Editore, Padova, pp 132\u2013143"},{"key":"2759_CR23","unstructured":"Ludes B, Coste M (1996) Diatom\u00e9es et m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale. Technique et Documentation. Lavoisier Editions Medicales Internationale, Paris"},{"key":"2759_CR24","volume-title":"Forensic diatomology and drowning","author":"MS Pollanen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pollanen MS (1998) Forensic diatomology and drowning. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"2759_CR25","unstructured":"Lunetta P (2005) Bodies found in water, epidemiological and medico-legal issues. Dissertation, University of Helsinki"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T03:32:33Z","timestamp":1666063953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02759-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed from data from human cadavers. This article does not contain any studies with (living) human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The subjects involved in this study underwent a judicial autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Milan in order to identify the cause of death. Data collecting, sampling, and subsequent forensic analysis were authorized by the public prosecutor. Therefore, data were acquired as part of a forensic judicial investigation and in accordance to Italian Police Mortuary Regulation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declared that all the investigations were carried out accordingly to the Italian Law.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors agree for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}