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As a phased method that depends on photographic optics first and anatomical comparisons second, superimposition is strongly underpinned by the physics of light travel through glass lenses. So that the downstream (and dependent) anatomical evaluations are not thwarted or erroneous identification decisions risked, it is critical that the optical prerequisites for valid image comparisons are met. As focus distance sets the perspective, the focus distance used for skull photography\n                    <jats:italic>must<\/jats:italic>\n                    be matched to that used at face photography, so that anatomically comparable 1:1 images are obtained. In this paper, we review the pertinent camera optics that set these nonnegotiable fundamentals and review a recently proposed method for focus distance estimation. We go beyond the original method descriptions to explain the mathematical justification for the\n                    <jats:italic>PerspectiveX<\/jats:italic>\n                    algorithm and provide an extension to profile images. This enables the first scientifically grounded use of profile view (or partial profile view) photographs in craniofacial superimposition. Proof of concept is provided by multiple worked examples of the focus distance estimation for frontal and profile view images of three of the authors at known focus distances. This innovation (1) removes longstanding trial-and-error components of present-day superimposition methods, (2) provides the first systematic and complete optical basis for image comparison in craniofacial superimposition, and (3) will enable anatomical comparison standards to be established from a valid grassroots basis where complexities of camera vantage point are removed as interfering factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02871-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T23:27:46Z","timestamp":1661297266000},"page":"1697-1716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Craniofacial superimposition: a review of focus distance estimation methods and an extension to profile view photographs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl N.","family":"Stephan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish","family":"Bultitude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Glen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02114614","volume":"80","author":"R Helmer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Helmer R, Gruner O (1977) Sch\u00e4delidentifizierung durch Superprojektion nach dem Verfahren der elektronischen Bildmischung, modifiziert zum Trickbild-Differenz-Verfahren. 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The latter applies to cases where the images were drawn from other previously published works.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}