{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:35:26Z","timestamp":1791531326263,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003521","name":"Australian Government Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22309012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22309012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE190101276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE190101276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older adult homicide is unique and under-researched, requiring immediate attention due to the rapidly ageing population. The current study aims to contribute to the description of homicide at the individual, interpersonal, incident and community levels. This research comprised a whole of state jurisdiction population-based retrospective analysis of homicide deaths of older adults aged 65 years and older reported to the Coroner between 2001 and 2015. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to compare older adult homicides by sex and the deceased-offender relationship. There were 59 homicide incidents involving 23 female and 36 male deceased (median age=72 years) and 16 female and 41 male offenders (median age=41 years). Individual factors included the following: Deceased frequently had a recorded physical illness (66%), and over one-third were born overseas (37%) or had recent contact with general practitioners and human services (36%). Offenders frequently had a history of illicit drug or alcohol use (63%), diagnosed mental illness (63%) and historical exposure to violence (61%). Interpersonal factors included the following: The deceased-offender relationship tended to be intimate or familial (63%). Incidents factors included the following: incident predominantly occurred in the victim\u2019s home (73%), involving the use of a sharp object (36%), bodily force (31%) or blunt force (20%). The older adult homicide is characterised by poor health in the victim, mental illness, substance abuse or a history of conflict in the either the victim or the offender, familial deceased-offender relationship and the home as the incident location. The results identify future prevention opportunities in clinical and human services settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T02:01:43Z","timestamp":1685325703000},"page":"1583-1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The epidemiology of homicide among older adults: retrospective analysis using data from the Victorian Homicide Register"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briohny","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2828-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sjaan","family":"Koppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0547-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndal","family":"Bugeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3022_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global status report on violence prevention 2014","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Global status report on violence prevention 2014. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 1\u2013292"},{"key":"3022_CR2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global Study on Homicide","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2019","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2019) Homicide, development and the sustainable development goals. In: Global Study on Homicide. UNODC, Vienna, Austria, pp 1\u201358"},{"key":"3022_CR3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global Study on Homicide","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2019","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2019) Executive summary. In: Global Study on Homicide. UNODC, Vienna, Austria, pp 1\u201346"},{"key":"3022_CR4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Research and Public Policy Series","author":"J Mouzos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mouzos J (2000) Homicidal encounters - a study of homicide in Australia 1989\u20131999. In: Research and Public Policy Series. Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, ACT, pp 1\u2013220"},{"key":"3022_CR5","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Homicide and factors that determine fatality from assault in the elderly population","author":"LD Chu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chu LD (2001) Homicide and factors that determine fatality from assault in the elderly population. University of California, Los Angeles, p 140"},{"key":"3022_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.08.008","volume":"48","author":"MM Rogers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rogers MM, Storey JE (2019) Elder homicide: a systematic literature review. Aggress Violent Behav 48:141\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.08.008","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"3022_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X17001386","volume":"39","author":"SM Benbow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benbow SM, Bhattacharyya S, Kingston P (2019) Older adults and violence: an analysis of Domestic Homicide Reviews in England involving adults over 60 years of age. Ageing & Soc 39(6):1097\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X17001386","journal-title":"Ageing & Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3022_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcy108","volume":"49","author":"H Bows","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bows H (2018) Domestic homicide of older people (2010\u201315): a comparative analysis of intimate-partner homicide and parricide cases in the UK. Br J Soc Work 49(5):1234\u20131253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcy108","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"key":"3022_CR9","volume-title":"World Population Ageing 2019","year":"2020","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (ed) (2020) World Population Ageing 2019. United Nations, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/10887679211046905","volume":"26","author":"LA Addington","year":"2021","unstructured":"Addington LA (2021) Rethinking older adult murder victims: looking back at 25 years of homicide studies to inform future research needs. Homicide Stud 26(1):106\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10887679211046905","journal-title":"Homicide Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211030250","volume":"24","author":"B Kennedy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kennedy B, Bugeja L, Olivier J, Johnson M, Hua P, Koppel S, Ibrahim JE (2021) Epidemiology of homicide in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 24(2):390\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211030250","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.5695","volume":"108","author":"KA Mack","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mack KA, Clapperton AJ, Macpherson A, Sleet D, Newton D, Murdoch J, Mackay JM, Berecki-Gisolf J, Wilkins N, Marr A, Ballesteros MF, McClure R (2017) Trends in the leading causes of injury mortality, Australia, Canada and the United States, 2000\u20132014. Can J Public Health 108(2):e185\u2013e191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5695","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"3022_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52922\/sr78153","volume-title":"Homicide in Australia 2018-19, in Statistical Report no. 34","author":"S Bricknell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bricknell S, Doherty L (2021) Homicide in Australia 2018-19, in Statistical Report no. 34. Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, Australia"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1332\/239868021X16316184865237","volume":"6","author":"K Bracewell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bracewell K, Jones C, Haines-Delmont A, Craig E, Duxbury J, Chantler K (2022) Beyond intimate partner relationships: utilising domestic homicide reviews to prevent adult family domestic homicide. J Gend Based Violence 6(3):535\u2013550","journal-title":"J Gend Based Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020953800","volume":"23","author":"LM Graham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graham LM, Macy RJ, Rizo CF, Martin SL (2020) Explanatory theories of intimate partner homicide perpetration: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 23(2):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838020953800","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"3022_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-016-0096-1","volume":"14","author":"L Bugeja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bugeja L, Ibrahim JE, Ferrah N, Murphy B, Willoughby M, Ranson D (2016) The utility of medico-legal databases for public health research: a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications using the National Coronial Information System. Health Res Policy Syst 14:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12961-016-0096-1","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"3022_CR17","volume-title":"Estimated Resident Population By Single Year Of Age, Victoria","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2021","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) 3101.0 National, state and territory population, in TABLE 52. In: Estimated Resident Population By Single Year Of Age, Victoria. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT"},{"key":"3022_CR18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Trends & Issues in Crime & Criminal Justice","author":"C Carcach","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carcach C, James M, Grabosky PN (1998) Homicide & older people in Australia. In: Trends & Issues in Crime & Criminal Justice, vol 96. Australian Institute of Criminology, pp 1\u20136"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301582","volume":"104","author":"SG Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith SG, Fowler KA, Niolon PH (2014) Intimate partner homicide and corollary victims in 16 states: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003-2009. Am J Public Health 104(3):461\u2013466","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3022_CR20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global study on homicide","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2019","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2019) Homicide trends, patterns and criminal justice response. In: Global study on homicide. UNODC, Vienna, Austria, pp 1\u201390"},{"key":"3022_CR21","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2021) Older Australians, in Older people, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Editor. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Canberra, ACT. pp 1-130"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986208315478","volume":"24","author":"R Bachman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bachman R, Meloy ML (2008) The epidemiology of violence against the elderly: implications for primary and secondary prevention. J Contemp Crim Justice 24(2):186\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043986208315478","journal-title":"J Contemp Crim Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510362890","volume":"26","author":"D Karch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karch D, Nunn KC (2011) Characteristics of elderly and other vulnerable adult victims of homicide by a caregiver: National Violent Death Reporting System \u2013 17 U.S. States, 2003\u20132007. J Interpers Violence 26(1):137\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260510362890","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248602600402","volume":"26","author":"AR Copeland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Copeland AR (1986) Homicide among the elderly: the Metro-Dade County experience, 1979\u201383. Med Sci Law 26(4):259\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248602600402","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3022_CR25","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Violence prevention and early intervention: what works?, in Preventing violence in Australia: policy, practice and solutions","author":"JW Toumbourou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toumbourou JW, Leung RK, Homel R, Freiberg K, Satyen L, Hemphill SA (2015) Violence prevention and early intervention: what works?, in Preventing violence in Australia: policy, practice and solutions. The Federation Press, Annandale, NSW, Australia, pp 45\u201362"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T09:12:17Z","timestamp":1691745137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03022-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for cross-sectional studies. Ethical approval for the study was granted from the Victorian Department of Justice and Regulation Human Research Ethics Committee on 1 June 2017 (renewed 10 December 2020; JHREC Reference CF\/20\/17503), and was endorsed by the State Coroner on 18 April 2017 (renewed 30 October 2020; CCOV RC Reference 376).\u00a0","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}