{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:14:07Z","timestamp":1770272047655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is renewed interest in Asia for the development of forensic anthropological standards, partly due to the need for population-specific models to maintain high classification accuracies. At present, there are no known studies utilising morphoscopic standards specific to the Indonesian population. Craniometric analyses can often be time-consuming; morphoscopic assessments are quicker and are also known to be reliable and accurate. One of the most utilised morphoscopic standards for the estimation of skeletal sex is that of Walker (2008). Its application across population groups demonstrated reduced accuracies outside of the United States; population-specific predictive models would thus serve to improve the identification process of unknown skeletal remains. Digital imaging also allows for the validation of standards on a contemporary population and is an appropriate proxy to physical skeletal material.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present study quantifies the applicability of the Walker standard to a contemporary Indonesian population. A total of 200 cranial MSCT scans from a hospital in Makassar were analysed using <jats:italic>OsiriX\u00ae<\/jats:italic>. Scoring was performed in accordance with the Walker standard. Five univariate and nine multivariate predictive models were derived using single trait and multi-trait combinations. The best performing univariate model included the glabella, with a total classification accuracy of 82.0% and a sex bias of 14.6%. Classification accuracy with all traits considered was at 95.2% for females and 82.8% for males with a sex bias of 12.5%. These results provide forensic practitioners in Indonesia with an appropriate morphoscopic sex estimation standard, strengthening their capabilities in the field and improving judicial outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1706792538000},"page":"1559-1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Validating the use of clinical MSCT scans for cranial nonmetric sex estimation in a contemporary Indonesian population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ridhwan","family":"Lye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Obertov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Amelia","family":"Bachtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3176_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christensen AM, Passalacqua NV, Bartelink EJ (2019) Sex Estimation. Forensic Anthropology: Current Methods and Practice. 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, UK. 243\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815734-3.00008-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815734-3.00008-7"},{"key":"3176_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/jfs2003385","volume":"50","author":"TL Rogers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogers TL (2005) Determining the Sex of Human Remains Through Cranial Morphology. J Forensic Sci 50:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/jfs2003385","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24628","volume":"179","author":"AP Winburn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winburn AP, Yim A-D, Stock MK (2022) Recentering Forensic Anthropology Within a Multifaceted Body of Evolutionary Theory: Strengthening Method by Making Theory Explicit. Am J Biol Anthropol 179:535\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24628","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klales AR (2020) Practitioner Preference for Sex Estimation from Human Skeletal Remains. In: Klales AR, ed. Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton: History, Methods, and Emerging Techniques. Academic Press, London, UK. 11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00002-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00002-X"},{"key":"3176_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20776","volume":"136","author":"PL Walker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walker PL (2008) Sexing Skulls Using Discriminant Function Analysis of Visually Assessed Traits. Am J Phys Anthropol 136:39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20776","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR6","unstructured":"Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH (1994) Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Proceedings of a Seminar at The Field Museum of Natural History. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville, AR."},{"key":"3176_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14947","volume":"67","author":"PR Avent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avent PR, Hughes CE, Garvin HM (2022) Applying Posterior Probability Informed Thresholds to Traditional Cranial Trait Sex Estimation Eethods. J Forensic Sci 67:440\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14947","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22502","volume":"154","author":"HM Garvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garvin HM, Sholts SB, Mosca LA (2014) Sexual Dimorphism in Human Cranial Trait Scores: Effects of Population, Age, and Body Size. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:259\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22502","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13013","volume":"61","author":"CJ Lewis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis CJ, Garvin HM (2016) Reliability of the Walker Cranial Nonmetric Method and Implications for Sex Estimation. J Forensic Sci 61:743\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00771.x\/","volume":"53","author":"CR Grivas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grivas CR, Komar DA (2008) Kumho, Daubert, and the Nature of Scientific Inquiry: Implications for Forensic Anthropology. J Forensic Sci 53:771\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00771.x\/","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR11","volume-title":"Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward","author":"National Research Council","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Research Council (2009) Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. The National Academic Press, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"3176_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franklin D (2023) Estimation of Skeletal Sex. In: Houck MM, ed. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. 3rd edn. Elsevier, Oxford. 292\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-823677-2.00098-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823677-2.00098-2"},{"key":"3176_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1655-x","volume":"131","author":"E-K Oikonomopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oikonomopoulou E-K, Valakos E, Nikita E (2017) Population-Specificity of Sexual Dimorphism in Cranial and Pelvic Traits: Evaluation of Existing and Proposal of New Functions for Sex Assessment in a Greek Assemblage. Int J Legal Med 131:1731\u20131738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1655-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3176_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081202","volume":"11","author":"A Cappella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cappella A, Bertoglio B, Di Maso M et al (2022) Sexual Dimorphism of Cranial Morphological Traits in an Italian Sample: A Population-Specific Logistic Regression Model for Predicting Sex. Biology 11:1202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11081202","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"3176_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1111-0","volume":"129","author":"GC Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger GC, L\u2019Abb\u00e9 EN, Stull KE, Kenyhercz MW (2015) Sexual Dimorphism in Cranial Morphology Among Modern South Africans. Int J Legal Med 129:869\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1111-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3176_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2019.1010","volume":"2","author":"SD Tallman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tallman SD (2019) Cranial Nonmetric Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Estimation in East and Southeast Asian Individuals. Forensic Anthropol 2:204\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/fa.2019.1010","journal-title":"Forensic Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-0029-0","volume":"14","author":"AK Dereli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dereli AK, Zeybek V, Sagtas E, Senol H, Ozgul HA, Acar K (2018) Sex Determination with Morphological Characteristics of the Skull by Using 3D Modeling Techniques in Computerized Tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14:450\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-018-0029-0","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3176_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2020024","volume":"2","author":"SR Kelley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelley SR, Tallman SD (2022) Population-Inclusive Assigned-Sex-at-Birth Estimation from Skull Computed Tomography Scans. Forensic Sci 2:321\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/forensicsci2020024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2020.3033","volume":"4","author":"AR Klales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klales AR (2021) Current State of Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology. Forensic Anthropol 4:118\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/fa.2020.3033","journal-title":"Forensic Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167.e161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.025","volume":"261","author":"P Traithepchanapai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Traithepchanapai P, Mahakkanukrauh P, Kranioti EF (2016) History, Research and Practice of Forensic Anthropology in Thailand. Forensic Sci Int 261:167.e161-167.e166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.025","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3176_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329.e321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.04.035","volume":"288","author":"MC Go","year":"2018","unstructured":"Go MC (2018) Appraising Forensic Anthropology in the Philippines: Current Status and Future Directions. Forensic Sci Int 288:329.e321-329.e329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.04.035","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3176_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2019.1023","volume":"2","author":"MC Go","year":"2019","unstructured":"Go MC, Tallman SD, Kim J (2019) Advances in Forensic Anthropological Research in East and Southeast Asia. Forensic Anthropol 2:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/fa.2019.1023","journal-title":"Forensic Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000507","volume":"40","author":"A Avsar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avsar A, Okdemir E, Keten A, Kaya \u00d6 (2019) Religion, Culture, and Autopsy: A Survey with Muslim Religious Officials. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 40:347\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000507","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3176_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000207","volume":"37","author":"MI Sajid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sajid MI (2016) Autopsy in Islam: Considerations for Deceased Muslims and Their Families Currently and in the Future. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 37:29\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000207","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3176_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Black S (2016) Disaster Anthropology: The 2004 Asian Tsunami. In: Blau S, Ubelaker DH, eds. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology. 2nd edn. Routledge, New York, NY. 507\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315528939","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315528939"},{"key":"3176_CR26","first-page":"148","volume":"13","author":"E Indriati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indriati E (2014) Forensic Anthropological Roles in Disaster Victim Identification of Two Jakarta Hotels Bomb Blasts. Damianus J Med 13:148\u2013157","journal-title":"Damianus J Med"},{"key":"3176_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.05.011","volume":"6","author":"D Franklin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franklin D, Swift L, Flavel A (2016) \u201cVirtual Anthropology\u201d and Radiographic Imaging in the Forensic Medical Sciences. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.05.011","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"3176_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10373","volume":"125","author":"DE Walrath","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walrath DE, Turner P, Br\u016f\u017eek J (2004) Reliability Test of the Visual Assessment of Cranial Traits for Sex Determination. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:132\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10373","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3176_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klales AR (2020) MorphoPASSE: Morphological Pelvis and Skull Sex Estimation Program. In: Klales AR, ed. Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton: History, Methods, and Emerging Techniques. Academic Press, London, UK. 271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00016-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00016-X"},{"key":"3176_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00177.x","volume":"51","author":"BA Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams BA, Rogers TL (2006) Evaluating the Accuracy and Precision of Cranial Morphological Traits for Sex Determination. J Forensic Sci 51:729\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00177.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2019.1569722","volume":"51","author":"D Franklin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franklin D, Flavel A (2019) Population Specificity in the Estimation of Skeletal Age and Sex: Case Studies Using a Western Australian Population. Aust J Forensic Sci 51:S188\u2013S192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2019.1569722","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stinson S (2012) Growth Variation: Biological and Cultural Factors. In: Stinson S, Bogin B, O'Rourke D, eds. Human Biology: An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective. 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. 587\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118108062.ch12","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118108062.ch12"},{"key":"3176_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tirtosudarmo R (2018) East Sulawesi Province: The Politics of Transcending Boundries. The Politics of Migration in Indonesia and Beyond. Springer, Singapore. 81\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-9032-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9032-5"},{"key":"3176_CR35","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions: Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism","author":"K Husa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Husa K, Wohlschl\u00e4gl H (2014) Global Markets \u2013 Local Consequences: The Migration of Labour in Southeast Asia Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century. In: Husa K, Trupp A, Wohlschl\u00e4gl H (eds) Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions: Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism. University of Vienna, Vienna, pp 17\u201334"},{"issue":"6","key":"3176_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2022.2081358","volume":"55","author":"L Swift","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swift L, Obertova Z, Flavel A, Murray K, Franklin D (2022) Estimation of Sex from Cranial Measurements in an Australian Population. Aust J Forensic Sci 55(6):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2022.2081358","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3176_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03031-z","author":"L Swift","year":"2023","unstructured":"Swift L, Obertova Z, Franklin D (2023) Demonstrating the Empirical Effect of Population Specificity of Anthropological Standards in a Contemporary Australian Population. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03031-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T03:47:09Z","timestamp":1718077629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human Ethics division of the Office of Research at the University of Western Australia (2021\/ET000377), Office of the Director-General of Health Sciences from the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, through Hasanuddin University (LB.02.01\/2.2\/6807\/2022), in compliance with the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}