{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:50:48Z","timestamp":1771933848789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["440395473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440395473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum M\u00fcnster"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various staging scales have been proposed for the assessment of the visibility of the periodontal ligament space of mandibular third molars on dental panoramic radiographs (PANs) for forensic age assessment in living individuals. However, up to now, there has been no systematic comparison between these staging scales available. We directly compared the 2010 staging scale proposed by Olze et al. with the 2017 staging by Lucas et al. and the 2020 staging by Guo et al. in a German study population. We evaluated 233 PANs from 115 females and 118 males aged 20.0 to 40.9 years using three independent examiners, with one examiner conducting two assessments. We examined the correlation between age and stage, as well as the inter- and intra-rater reliabilities. While the point estimates for the correlation coefficient and the reliability measures were lowest for the Guo scale and highest for the Olze scale, confidence intervals showed a large overlap, particularly for the scales of Olze et al. and Lucas et al. The correlation coefficients between stage and age were consistently lower in females than in males across all methods. In summary, we showed that the staging scales of Olze et al. and Lucas et al. were very similar. The Olze method showed higher point estimates across all analyses, and because there are more reference data available for this method, we argue that it should be preferred as the method of choice for further studies in the field. However, Guo method could be considered for instances, in which the inter-radicular periodontal ligament is not evaluable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T10:02:21Z","timestamp":1708164141000},"page":"1523-1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Radiological assessment of periodontal ligament space visibility on third molars for forensic age assessment \u2014 a comparison study of three different staging scales"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Timme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2068-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurin","family":"Steffens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Viktorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Streeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3014-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schmeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G (2016) Forensic age estimation: methods, certainty, and the law. Dtsch Arztebl Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"3184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.016","volume":"165","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Geserick G, Reisinger W, Olze A (2007) Age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 165:178\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05379-X","volume":"358","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Olze A, Reisinger W, Geserick G (2001) Age estimation of living people undergoing criminal proceedings. Lancet 358:89\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05379-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.018","volume":"159","author":"A Olze","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olze A, Reisinger W, Geserick G, Schmeling A (2006) Age estimation of unaccompanied minors Part II Dental aspects. Forensic Sci Int 159(Suppl 1):S65-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.017","volume":"159","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Reisinger W, Geserick G, Olze A (2006) Age estimation of unaccompanied minors Part I General considerations. Forensic Sci Int 159(Suppl 1):S61-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3184_CR6","first-page":"141","volume":"35","author":"F Pradella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pradella F, Pinchi V, Focardi M, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Norelli GA (2017) The age estimation practice related to illegal unaccompanied minors immigration in Italy. J Forensic Odontostomatol 35:141\u2013148","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-014-0986-x","volume":"24","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Geserick G, Tsokos M, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, P\u00fcschel K (2014) Aktuelle Diskussionen zur Altersdiagnostik bei unbegleiteten minderj\u00e4hrigen Fl\u00fcchtlingen. Rechtsmedizin 24:475\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00194-014-0986-x","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"3184_CR8","volume-title":"World migration report 2022","author":"M McAuliffe","year":"2021","unstructured":"McAuliffe M, and Triandafyllidou A (2021) World migration report 2022. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva"},{"key":"3184_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03061-7","author":"TD Ruder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruder TD, Kuhnen SC, Zech W-D, Klaus JB, Lombardo P, Ith M (2023) Standards of practice in forensic age estimation with CT of the medial clavicular epiphysis-a systematic review. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03061-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02956-9","volume":"137","author":"F Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan F, Ke W, Dai X, Shi L, Liu Y, Lin Y, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Chen H, Deng Z (2023) Semi-supervised automatic dental age and sex estimation using a hybrid transformer model. Int J Legal Med 137:721\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02956-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02924-9","volume":"137","author":"T Widek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Widek T, De Tobel J, Ehammer T, Genet P (2023) Forensic age estimation in males by MRI based on the medial epiphysis of the clavicle. Int J Legal Med 137:679\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02924-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02898-8","volume":"137","author":"R Merdietio Boedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Merdietio Boedi R, Shepherd S, Oscandar F, M\u00e2nica S, Franco A (2023) 3D segmentation of dental crown for volumetric age estimation with CBCT imaging. Int J Legal Med 137:123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02898-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02925-8","volume":"137","author":"V Sgheiza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sgheiza V, Liversidge H (2023) Reference and target sample age distribution impacts between model types in dental developmental age estimation. Int J Legal Med 137:383\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02925-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02960-z","volume":"137","author":"N Vila-Blanco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vila-Blanco N, Varas-Quintana P, Tom\u00e1s I, Carreira MJ (2023) A systematic overview of dental methods for age assessment in living individuals: from traditional to artificial intelligence-based approaches. Int J Legal Med 137:1117\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02960-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6","volume":"137","author":"N Chitavishvili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chitavishvili N, Papageorgiou I, Malich A, Hahnemann ML, Mall G, Mentzel HJ, Wittschieber D (2023) The distal femoral epiphysis in forensic age diagnostics: studies on the evaluation of the ossification process by means of T1- and PD\/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Legal Med 137:427\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02977-4","volume":"137","author":"MB Bj\u00f8rk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rk MB, Kvaal SI, Bleka \u00d8, Sakinis T, Tuvnes FA, Haugland MA, Lauritzen PM, Eggesb\u00f8 HB (2023) Age prediction in sub-adults based on MRI segmentation of 3rd molar tissue volumes. Int J Legal Med 137:753\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02977-4","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03067-1","volume":"137","author":"S Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo S, Fan F, Zhang XT, Liu AJ, Lin YS, Cheng ZQ, Song CX, Wang JJ, Deng ZH, Zhan MJ (2023) Forensic age estimation in adults by pubic bone mineral density using multidetector computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 137:1527\u20131533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03067-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02953-y","volume":"137","author":"P \u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1 Nee Uhrov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1 Nee Uhrov\u00e1 P, Be\u0148u\u0161 R, Chovancov\u00e1 Nee Kondekov\u00e1 M, Vojtu\u0161ov\u00e1 A, Novotn\u00fd M, Thurzo A (2023) Use of third molar eruption based on Gambier\u2019s criteria in assessing dental age. Int J Legal Med 137:691\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02953-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Grundmann C, Fuhrmann A, Kaatsch H-J, Knell B, Ramsthaler F, Reisinger W, Riepert T, Ritz-Timme S, R\u00f6sing FW, R\u00f6tzscher K, Geserick G (2008) Criteria for age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 122:457\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1238-7","volume":"129","author":"YC Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo YC, Olze A, Ottow C, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Heindel W, Pfeiffer H, Vieth V, Schmeling A (2015) Dental age estimation in living individuals using 3.0 T MRI of lower third molars. Int J Legal Med 129:1265\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-015-1238-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR21","first-page":"211","volume":"45","author":"A Demirjian","year":"1973","unstructured":"Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner JM (1973) A new system of dental age assessment. Hum Biol 45:211\u2013227","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"3184_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-004-0489-5","volume":"119","author":"A Olze","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olze A, Bilang D, Schmidt S, Wernecke KD, Geserick G, Schmeling A (2005) Validation of common classification systems for assessing the mineralization of third molars. Int J Legal Med 119:22\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-004-0489-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.08.005","volume":"54","author":"P Streckbein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Streckbein P, Reichert I, Verhoff MA, B\u00f6deker RH, K\u00e4hling C, Wilbrand JF, Schaaf H, Howaldt HP, May A (2014) Estimation of legal age using calcification stages of third molars in living individuals. Sci Justice 54:447\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.08.005","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"3184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1950.0132","volume":"41","author":"G Gustafson","year":"1950","unstructured":"Gustafson G (1950) Age determination on teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 41:45\u201354","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"3184_CR25","first-page":"189","volume":"97","author":"T Solheim","year":"1989","unstructured":"Solheim T (1989) Dental root translucency as an indicator of age. Scand J Dent Res 97:189\u2013197","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"3184_CR26","first-page":"193","volume":"100","author":"T Solheim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solheim T (1992) Amount of secondary dentin as an indicator of age. Scand J Dent Res 100:193\u2013199","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"3184_CR27","first-page":"114","volume":"4","author":"T Solheim","year":"1988","unstructured":"Solheim T (1988) Dental color as an indicator of age. Gerodontics 4:114\u2013118","journal-title":"Gerodontics"},{"key":"3184_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0488-7","volume":"124","author":"A Olze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olze A, Solheim T, Schulz R, Kupfer M, Pfeiffer H, Schmeling A (2010) Assessment of the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in the lower third molars for the purpose of forensic age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 124:445\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-010-0488-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR29","first-page":"28","volume":"22","author":"A Olze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olze A, Geserick G, Schmeling A (2004) Age estimation of unidentified corpses by measurement of root translucency. J Forensic Odontostomatol 22:28\u201333","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3184_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-009-0415-y","volume":"124","author":"A Olze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olze A, Solheim T, Schulz R, Kupfer M, Schmeling A (2010) Evaluation of the radiographic visibility of the root pulp in the lower third molars for the purpose of forensic age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 124:183\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-009-0415-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300403","volume":"13","author":"GE Wise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wise GE, Frazier-Bowers S, D\u2019Souza RN (2002) Cellular, molecular, and genetic determinants of tooth eruption. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13:323\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154411130201300403","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"3184_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700509","volume":"87","author":"GE Wise","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wise GE, King GJ (2008) Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 87:414\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910808700509","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3184_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12681","volume":"64","author":"D Bartlett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartlett D, O\u2019Toole S (2019) Tooth wear and aging. Aust Dent J 64(Suppl 1):S59\u2013S62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adj.12681","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"3184_CR34","first-page":"435","volume":"34","author":"LA Litonjua","year":"2003","unstructured":"Litonjua LA, Andreana S, Bush PJ, Cohen RE (2003) Tooth wear: attrition, erosion, and abrasion. Quintessence Int 34:435\u2013446","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 18","key":"3184_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12683","volume":"44","author":"R L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez R, Smith PC, G\u00f6stemeyer G, Schwendicke F (2017) Ageing, dental caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 44(Suppl 18):S145\u2013S152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12683","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"3184_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2017.03.004","author":"M Timme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timme M, Timme WH, Olze A, Ottow C, Ribbecke S, Pfeiffer H, Dettmeyer R, Schmeling A (2017) The chronology of the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament and the root pulp in the lower third molars. Sci Justice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2017.03.004","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"3184_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1664-9","volume":"132","author":"YC Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo YC, Li MJ, Olze A, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Zhou H, Pfeiffer H, Chen T, Schmeling A (2018) Studies on the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in lower third molars: can the Olze method be used in the Chinese population? Int J Legal Med 132:617\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1664-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR38","first-page":"32","volume":"2","author":"WB Tantanapornkul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tantanapornkul WB, Kaomongkolgit R, Tohnak S, Deepho C, Chansamat R (2021) Dental age assessment based on the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in lower third molars in a Thai sample. J Forensic Odontostomatol 2:32\u201337","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3184_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2019.1711179","volume":"53","author":"R Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah R, Angadi PV (2021) Radiographic assessment of periodontal ligament visibility in mandibular third molars as a tool for defining the 18 year threshold among Indians. Aust J Forensic Sci 53:306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2019.1711179","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3184_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-9-22","volume":"9","author":"E Krieger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krieger E, Hornikel S, Wehrbein H (2013) Age-related changes of fibroblast density in the human periodontal ligament. Head Face Med 9:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-160X-9-22","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"3184_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1972.tb01903.x","volume":"1","author":"BM Levy","year":"1972","unstructured":"Levy BM, Dreizen S, Bernick S (1972) Effect of aging on the marmoset periodontium. J Oral Pathol 1:61\u201365","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol"},{"key":"3184_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.11.660","volume":"43","author":"D Grant","year":"1972","unstructured":"Grant D, Bernick S (1972) The periodontium of ageing humans. J Periodontol 43:660\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1972.43.11.660","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"3184_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.11.010","volume":"326","author":"C Kato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kato C, Kojima T, Komaki M, Mimori K, Duarte WR, Takenaga K, Ishikawa I (2005) S100A4 inhibition by RNAi up-regulates osteoblast related genes in periodontal ligament cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 326:147\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.11.010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"3184_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000351894","volume":"18","author":"N Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang N, Guo W, Chen M, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Kim SG, Embree MC, Songhee Song K, Marao HF, Mao JJ (2016) Periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in health and adaptation: tooth movement. Front Oral Biol 18:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000351894","journal-title":"Front Oral Biol"},{"key":"3184_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs103","volume":"35","author":"K Papadopoulou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papadopoulou K, Hasan I, Keilig L, Reimann S, Eliades T, Jager A, Deschner J, Bourauel C (2013) Biomechanical time dependency of the periodontal ligament: a combined experimental and numerical approach. Euro J Orthod 35:811\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjs103","journal-title":"Euro J Orthod"},{"key":"3184_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(03)00164-1","volume":"123","author":"SR Toms","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toms SR, Eberhardt AW (2003) A nonlinear finite element analysis of the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth loading. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123:657\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-5406(03)00164-1","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"3184_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1937.0229","volume":"24","author":"ED Coolidge","year":"1937","unstructured":"Coolidge ED (1937) The thickness of the human periodontal membrane. The Journal of the American Dental Association and The Dental Cosmos 24:1260\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1937.0229","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association and The Dental Cosmos"},{"key":"3184_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02178-y","volume":"134","author":"YC Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo YC, Wang YH, Olze A, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Pfeiffer H, Chen T, Schmeling A (2020) Dental age estimation based on the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in the lower third molars: application of a new stage classification. Int J Legal Med 134:369\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-019-02178-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR49","first-page":"90","volume":"35","author":"VS Lucas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucas VS, McDonald F, Andiappan M, Roberts G (2017) Periodontal ligament visibility (PLV): validation of PLV to determine adult status. J Forensic Odontostomatol 35:90\u201396","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3184_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-012-0845-6","volume":"22","author":"A Olze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olze A, Peschke C, Schulz R, Ribbecke S, Schmeling A (2012) Beurteilung der Weisheitszahneruption: Vergleich von zwei Stadieneinteilungen. Rechtsmedizin 22:451\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00194-012-0845-6","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"3184_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02982-7","volume":"137","author":"M Timme","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timme M, Viktorov J, Steffens L, Streeter A, Karch A, Schmeling A (2023) Third molar eruption in orthopantomograms as a feature for forensic age assessment-a comparison study of different classification systems. Int J Legal Med 137:765\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02982-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3184_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-010-0703-3","volume":"20","author":"B Gelbrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gelbrich B, Lessig R, Lehmann M, Dannhauer K-H, Gelbrich G (2010) Altersselektion in Referenzstichproben: Auswirkung auf die forensische Alterssch\u00e4tzung. Rechtsmedizin 20:459\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00194-010-0703-3","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"3184_CR53","first-page":"79","volume":"35","author":"MA Chaudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaudhary MA, Liversidge HM (2017) A radiographic study estimating age of mandibular third molars by periodontal ligament visibility. J Forensic Odontostomatol 35:79\u201389","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3184_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e546","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51813","volume":"6","author":"CD Sequeira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sequeira CD, Teixeira A, Caldas IM, Afonso A, P\u00e9rez-Mongiovi D (2014) Age estimation using the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in lower third molars in a Portuguese population. J Clin Exp Dent 6:e546-550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.51813","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"3184_CR55","volume-title":"Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation: f\u00fcr Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler","author":"J Bortz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bortz J, D\u00f6ring N (2015) Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation: f\u00fcr Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler, 5th edn. Springer, Berlin","edition":"5"},{"key":"3184_CR56","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. L. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3184_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2016.46.4.229","volume":"46","author":"H Mortazavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mortazavi H, Baharvand M (2016) Review of common conditions associated with periodontal ligament widening. Imaging Sci Dent 46:229\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5624\/isd.2016.46.4.229","journal-title":"Imaging Sci Dent"},{"key":"3184_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-083X.2021.00033.9","volume":"21","author":"AB Ray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ray AB, Rastogi K, Srikant N, Yellapurkar S, Jose NP, Denny C (2021) Reliability of age estimation using periodontal ligament visibility in South Indian Population. J Punjab Acad Foren Med Toxicol 21:173\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0974-083X.2021.00033.9","journal-title":"J Punjab Acad Foren Med Toxicol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T03:48:30Z","timestamp":1718077710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03184-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the responsible Bioethics Committee of the Medical Association Westfalen-Lippe and the University of M\u00fcnster (No. 2019\u2013322-f-S).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was waived by the responsible Ethics Committee of the Medical Association Westfalen-Lippe and the University of M\u00fcnster (No. 2019\u2013322-f-S) in view of the retrospective nature of the study because there is no identifying information included in this article and because all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}