{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:26:24Z","timestamp":1740108384178,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T03:23:37Z","timestamp":1714620217000},"page":"1831-1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulative investigation of the required level of geometrical individualization of the lumbar spines to predict fractures"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6119-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Kathrin","family":"Rieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Junge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cutlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Peldschus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Stemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.06.040","volume":"40","author":"P Leucht","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leucht P, Fischer K, Muhr G et al (2009) Epidemiology of traumatic spine fractures. Injury 40(2):166\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2008.06.040","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3225_CR2","unstructured":"Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Maiman DJ et al (2012) Thoracolumbar spine fractures in frontal impact crashes. Ann Adv Automot Med (56): 277\u2013283"},{"key":"3225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI.2008.10.08279","volume":"10","author":"MC Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang MC, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N et al (2009) The continued burden of spine fractures after motor vehicle crashes. J Neurosurg Spine 10:86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/SPI.2008.10.08279","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"10","key":"3225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.038","volume":"14","author":"RD Rao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rao RD, Berry CA, Yoganandan N et al (2014) Occupant and crash characteristics in thoracic and lumbar spine injuries resulting from motor vehicle collisions. Spine J 14(10):2355\u20132365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.038","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"3225_CR5","unstructured":"Jorl\u00f6v S, Bohman K, Larsson A (2017) Seating positions and activities in highly automated cars \u2013 a qualitative study of future automated driving scenarios. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 13\u201322"},{"key":"3225_CR6","unstructured":"\u00d6stling M, Jeppsson H, Lubbe N (2019) Predicting crash configurations in passenger car to passenger car crashes to guide the development of future passenger car safety. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 626\u2013643"},{"key":"3225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4271\/2020-22-0004","volume":"64","author":"R Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson R, Donlon J-P, Jayathirtha M et al (2020) Kinematic and injury response of reclined PMHS in frontal impacts. Stapp Car Crash J 64:83\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2020-22-0004","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"3225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.023","volume":"59","author":"RP Kaufman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaufman RP, Ching RP, Willis MM et al (2013) Burst fractures of the lumbar spine in frontal crashes. Accid Anal Prev 59:153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.023","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"3225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.02.021","volume":"45","author":"F Niemeyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niemeyer F, Wilke H-J, Schmidt H (2012) Geometry strongly influences the response of numerical models of the lumbar spine\u2013a probabilistic finite element analysis. J Biomech 45(8):1414\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.02.021","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3225_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thacker BH, Wu Y-T, Nicolella DP et al (1997) Probabilistic injury analysis of the cervical spine. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., pp 2093\u20132103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.1997-1135","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1997-1135"},{"issue":"6","key":"3225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.003","volume":"49","author":"M Putzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Putzer M, Ehrlich I, Rasmussen J et al (2016) Sensitivity of lumbar spine loading to anatomical parameters. J Biomech 49(6):953\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.003","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"14","key":"3225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181fd7f7f","volume":"36","author":"GJM Meijer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meijer GJM, Homminga J, Veldhuizen AG et al (2011) Influence of interpersonal geometrical variation on spinal motion segment stiffness: implications for patient-specific modeling. Spine 36(14):929\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181fd7f7f","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3225_CR13","unstructured":"Izumiyama T, Nishida N, Iwanaga H et al (2018) The analysis of an individual difference in human skeletal alignment in seated posture and occupant behavior using HBMs. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 549\u2013560"},{"key":"3225_CR14","unstructured":"Izumiyama T, Nishida N, Yamagata H et al (2022) Analysis of individual variabilities for lumbar and pelvic alignment in highly reclined seating postures and occupant kinematics in a collision. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 941\u2013955"},{"key":"3225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043","volume":"9","author":"F Sato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sato F, Miyazaki Y, Morikawa S et al (2021) The effect of seat back inclination on spinal alignment in automotive seating postures. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"3225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.06.015","volume":"60","author":"K Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang K, Cao L, Fanta A et al (2017) An automated method to morph finite element whole-body human models with a wide range of stature and body shape for both men and women. J Biomech 60:253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.06.015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3225_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1307971","volume":"18","author":"P Beillas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beillas P, Berthet F (2017) An investigation of human body model morphing for the assessment of abdomen responses to impact against a population of test subjects. Traffic Inj Prev 18(Suppl 1):142\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2017.1307971","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"3225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.045","volume":"47","author":"X Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP et al (2014) A statistical human rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by age, sex, stature and body mass index. J Biomech 47(10):2277\u20132285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.045","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3225_CR19","unstructured":"O\u2019Cain CM, Gepner BD, Spratley EM et al (2019) Pipeline for specimen specific bone-ligament-cartilage finite element models. Proceedings of Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium: 1\u20136"},{"issue":"6","key":"3225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23826","volume":"36","author":"BD Stemper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stemper BD, Chirvi S, Doan N et al (2018) Biomechanical tolerance of whole lumbar spines in straightened posture subjected to axial acceleration. J Orthop Res 36(6):1747\u20131756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.23826","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"3225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.04.005","volume":"10","author":"SFE Mattucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mattucci SFE, Moulton JA, Chandrashekar N et al (2012) Strain rate dependent properties of younger human cervical spine ligaments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 10:216\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.04.005","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"12","key":"3225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.012","volume":"19","author":"N Newell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newell N, Carpanen D, Grigoriadis G et al (2019) Material properties of human lumbar intervertebral discs across strain rates. Spine J 19(12):2013\u20132024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"3225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03402-y","author":"LK Rieger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rieger LK, Shah AS, Schick S et al (2024) Subject-specific geometry of FE lumbar spine models for the replication of fracture locations using dynamic drop tests. Ann Biomed Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03402-y","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3225_CR24","unstructured":"Peldschus S, Wagner A, Muehlbauer J et al (2021) Standardised validation procedure for qualifying the HBM to be used for assessing effectiveness of pilot protection principles"},{"issue":"3","key":"3225_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01554.x","volume":"33","author":"S Armijo-Olivo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Armijo-Olivo S, Jara X, Castillo N et al (2006) A comparison of the head and cervical posture between the self-balanced position and the Frankfurt method. J Oral Rehabil 33(3):194\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01554.x","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"16","key":"3225_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200008150-00011","volume":"25","author":"DE Harrison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Cailliet R et al (2000) Cobb Method or Harrison posterior tangent method. Spine 25(16):2072\u20132078","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3225_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000117542.88865.77","volume":"18","author":"E Berthonnaud","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berthonnaud E, Dimnet J, Roussouly P et al (2005) Analysis of the sagittal balance of the spine and pelvis using shape and orientation parameters. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(1):40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.bsd.0000117542.88865.77","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"3225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0013-8","volume":"16","author":"J-M Mac-Thiong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mac-Thiong J-M, Labelle H, Berthonnaud E et al (2007) Sagittal spinopelvic balance in normal children and adolescents. Eur Spine J 16(2):227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-005-0013-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3525-2","volume":"24","author":"S-M Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park S-M, Song K-S, Park S-H et al (2015) Does whole-spine lateral radiograph with clavicle positioning reflect the correct cervical sagittal alignment? Eur Spine J 24(1):57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-014-3525-2","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3225_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/07345410.1983.11677834","volume":"1","author":"M Rocabado","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rocabado M (1983) Biomechanical relationship of the cranial, cervical, and hyoid regions. J Craniomandib Pract 1(3):61\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07345410.1983.11677834","journal-title":"J Craniomandib Pract"},{"key":"3225_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han J, Kamber M, Pei J (2012) \/\/ 2011) Getting to Know Your Data. In: Han J, Kamber M, Pei J (eds) Data Mining. Concepts and techniques, 3. ed. Elsevier; Elsevier Science, Burlington, pp 39\u201382","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381479-1.00002-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"3225_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840601160484","volume":"10","author":"AE Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson AE, Ellis BJ, Weiss JA (2007) Verification, validation and sensitivity studies in computational biomechanics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 10(3):171\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255840601160484","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"3225_CR33","unstructured":"Fuchs T (2018) Objektivierung der Modellbildung von verletzungsmechanischen Experimenten f\u00fcr die Validierung von Finite-Elemente Menschmodellen. Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich"},{"key":"3225_CR34","unstructured":"Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I et al (2002) Development of a finite element model of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction. In: Proceedings of International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200404000-00010","volume":"17","author":"E Chosa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chosa E, Goto K, Totoribe K et al (2004) Analysis of the effect of lumbar spine fusion on the superior adjacent intervertebral disk in the presence of disk degeneration, using the three-dimensional finite element method. J Spin Disord Tech 17(2):134\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00024720-200404000-00010","journal-title":"J Spin Disord Tech"},{"issue":"23","key":"3225_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146471.59052.e6","volume":"29","author":"RN Natarajan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Natarajan RN, Williams JR, Andersson GBJ (2004) Recent advances in analytical modeling of lumbar disc degeneration. Spine 29(23):2733\u20132741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000146471.59052.e6","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Natarajan RN, Williams JR, Andersson GBJ (2006) Modeling changes in intervertebral disc mechanics with degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 236\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.F.00002","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00002"},{"issue":"3","key":"3225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.024","volume":"42","author":"LM Rubert\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rubert\u00e9 LM, Natarajan RN, Andersson GBJ (2009) Influence of single-level lumbar degenerative disc disease on the behavior of the adjacent segments\u2013a finite element model study. J Biomech 42(3):341\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.024","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3225_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stemper BD, Storvik SG, Yoganandan N et al (2011) A new PMHS model for lumbar spine injuries during vertical acceleration. J Biomech Eng 133(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4004655","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4004655"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3225_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2021.1982597","volume":"22","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda M, Weber J, Peldschus S (2021) Potential effect of pre-activated muscles under a far-side lateral impact. Traffic Inj Prev 22(Suppl 1):148\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2021.1982597","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"3225_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4271\/2020-22-0001","volume":"64","author":"DL Albert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albert DL (2020) Variations in user implementation of the CORA Rating Metric. Stapp Car Crash J 64:1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2020-22-0001","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"3225_CR42","unstructured":"Rieger LK, Draper D, Shah AS et al (2022) Subject-specific Lumbar Spine Finite Element Model Creation and Validation using Dynamic Compression. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 886\u2013887"},{"key":"3225_CR43","unstructured":"Draper D, Shah AS, Peldschus S et al (2020) Initial validation of a human body model lumbar spine using dynamic compression. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp 213\u2013214"},{"key":"3225_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tushak SK, Paul Donlon J, Gepner BD et al (2022) Failure tolerance of the human lumbar spine in dynamic combined compression and flexion loading. J Biomech 135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111051"},{"issue":"7172","key":"3225_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06342","volume":"450","author":"KK Whitcome","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whitcome KK, Shapiro LJ, Lieberman DE (2007) Fetal load and the evolution of lumbar lordosis in bipedal hominins. Nature 450(7172):1075\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06342","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"3225_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.06.032","volume":"49","author":"S Naserkhaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naserkhaki S, Jaremko JL, El-Rich M (2016) Effects of inter-individual lumbar spine geometry variation on load-sharing: geometrically personalized finite element study. J Biomech 49(13):2909\u20132917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.06.032","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"18","key":"3225_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00003","volume":"24","author":"RN Natarajan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Natarajan RN, Andersson GBJ (1999) The influence of lumbar disc height and cross-sectional area on the mechanical response of the disc to physiologic loading. Spine 24(18):1873\u20131881","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T09:11:20Z","timestamp":1723021880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03225-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0937-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1437-1596"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All lumbar spine specimens for this study were obtained from donors through the Wisconsin Donor Network.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"Consent to participate\/consent to publish: Consent for spine donation was obtained from the next of kin.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}