{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:08:51Z","timestamp":1750662531764,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Klales et al. (2012) is a popular standard for the estimation of skeletal sex. Since its publication, a number of studies have demonstrated that population-specific applications of Klales improve classification accuracy. However, it has also been shown that age appears to affect the expression of dimorphism in the pelvis across the lifespan. As such, the present study examines the accuracy of Klales, and the modified global standard of Kenyhercz et al. (2017), in a contemporary Indonesian population, including quantifying the effect of age. Pelvic multi-slice CT scans of 378 individuals (213 female; 165 male) were analysed in <jats:italic>OsiriX<\/jats:italic>\u00ae. Both standards were tested and Indonesian-specific models thereafter derived.<\/jats:p><jats:p>When applied to the Indonesian sample, both the Klales and Kenyhercz standards resulted in lower classification accuracy relative to the original studies. In considering the Indonesian-specific models, the ventral arc was the most accurate for the classification of sex, at 93.3% with a \u2212\u20093.0% sex bias. The accuracy of the three-trait model was 94.4%, with a \u2212\u20095.5% sex bias. Age was shown to significantly affect the distribution of pelvic trait scores. As such, age-dependent models were also derived, with the standard for individuals between 30 and 49 years the most accurate, at 93.1% and a sex bias of \u2212\u20094.0%. Accuracy was lower in individuals aged\u2009\u2265\u200950 years, at 91.3% and a sex bias of 4.1%. These findings support the importance of establishing population-specific standards and to facilitate improved accuracy and capabilities for forensic practitioners in Indonesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1718163390000},"page":"2607-2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nonmetric sex estimation in a contemporary Indonesian population: a validation study using clinical pelvic MSCT scans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ridhwan","family":"Lye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Obertov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Amelia","family":"Bachtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3266_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","volume":"30","author":"TW Phenice","year":"1969","unstructured":"Phenice TW (1969) A newly developed visual method of sexing the Os Pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 30:297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3266_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00002-X","volume-title":"Sex estimation of the human skeleton: history, methods, and emerging techniques","author":"AR Klales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klales AR (2020) Practitioner preference for sex estimation from human skeletal remains. In: Klales AR (ed) Sex estimation of the human skeleton: history, methods, and emerging techniques. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00002-X"},{"key":"3266_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823677-2.00098-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of forensic sciences","author":"D Franklin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Franklin D (2023) Estimation of skeletal sex. In: Houck MM (ed) Encyclopedia of forensic sciences, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 292\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-823677-2.00098-2","edition":"3"},{"key":"3266_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01176.x\/","volume":"54","author":"AM Christensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen AM, Crowder CM (2009) Evidentiary standards for forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci 54:1211\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01176.x\/","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3266_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22102","volume":"149","author":"AR Klales","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klales AR, Ousley SD, Vollner JM (2012) A revised method of sexing the human innominate using Phenice\u2019s nonmetric traits and statistical methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:104\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22102","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Vald\u00e9s JA, Men\u00e9ndez Garmendia A, Garc\u00eda-Barzola L et al (2017) Recalibration of the Klales at al. (2012) method of sexing the human innominate for Mexican populations. Am J of Phys Anthropol 162:600\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23157","key":"3266_CR6","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23157"},{"key":"3266_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1655-x","volume":"131","author":"E-K Oikonomopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oikonomopoulou E-K, Valakos E, Nikita E (2017) Population-specificity of sexual dimorphism in cranial and pelvic traits: evaluation of existing and proposal of new functions for sex assessment in a Greek assemblage. Int J Legal Med 131:1731\u20131738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1655-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kenyhercz MW, Klales AR, Stull KE, McCormick KA, Cole SJ (2017) Worldwide Population variation in pelvic sexual dimorphism: a validation and recalibration of the Klales et al. method Forensic Sci Int 277:259.e251-259.e258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.05.001","key":"3266_CR8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.05.001"},{"key":"3266_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02002-7","volume":"133","author":"KL Colman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colman KL, Van der Merwe AE, Stull KE et al (2019) The accuracy of 3D virtual bone models of the pelvis for morphological sex estimation. Int J Legal Med 133:1853\u20131860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-019-02002-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2018.02.003","volume":"12","author":"E Johnstone-Belford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnstone-Belford E, Flavel A, Franklin D (2018) Morphoscopic observations in clinical pelvic MDCT scans: assessing the accuracy of the Phenice traits for sex estimation in a Western Australian Population. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 12:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2018.02.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"3266_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00008-3","volume-title":"Statistics and probability in forensic anthropology","author":"D Franklin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franklin D, Blau S (2020) Physical and virtual sources of biological data in forensic anthropology: considerations relative to practitioner and\/or judicial requirements. In: Obertov\u00e1 Z, Stewart A, Cattaneo C (eds) Statistics and probability in forensic anthropology. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 17\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00008-3"},{"key":"3266_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/2021\/1463","volume":"79","author":"L Waltenberger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waltenberger L, Rebay-Salisbury K, Mitteroecker P (2022) Age dependent changes in pelvic shape during adulthood. Anthropologischer Anzeiger: J Biol Clin Anthropol 79:143\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/anthranz\/2021\/1463","journal-title":"Anthropologischer Anzeiger: J Biol Clin Anthropol"},{"key":"3266_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00006-7","volume-title":"Sex estimation of the human skeleton: history, methods, and emerging techniques","author":"AR Klales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klales AR (2020) Sex estimation using pelvis morphology. In: Klales AR (ed) Sex estimation of the human skeleton: history, methods, and emerging techniques. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 75\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00006-7"},{"key":"3266_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10422","volume":"127","author":"PL Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker PL (2005) Greater sciatic notch morphology: sex, age, and population differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 127:385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10422","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3266_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02988-1","author":"A DesMarais","year":"2023","unstructured":"DesMarais A, Obertova Z, Franklin D (2023) The influence of age on greater sciatic notch morphology: testing the Walker method in an Australian Population. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02988-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15200J","volume":"47","author":"DH Ubelaker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ubelaker DH, Volk CG (2002) A test of the Phenice Method for the estimation of sex. J Forensic Sci 47:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS15200J","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3266_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2019.1010","volume":"2","author":"SD Tallman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tallman SD (2019) Cranial nonmetric sexual dimorphism and sex estimation in East and Southeast Asian individuals. Forensic Anthropol 2:204\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/fa.2019.1010","journal-title":"Forensic Anthropol"},{"key":"3266_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5","author":"R Lye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lye R, Obertov\u00e1 Z, Bachtiar NA, Franklin D (2024) Validating the use of clinical MSCT scans for cranial nonmetric sex estimation in a contemporary Indonesian population. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03176-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000507","volume":"40","author":"A Avsar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avsar A, Okdemir E, Keten A, Kaya \u00d6 (2019) Religion, culture, and autopsy: a survey with Muslim religious officials. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 40:347\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000507","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3266_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000207","volume":"37","author":"MI Sajid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sajid MI (2016) Autopsy in Islam: considerations for deceased Muslims and their families currently and in the future. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 37:29\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000207","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3266_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315528939","volume-title":"Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology","author":"E Indriati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Indriati E (2016) Historical perspectives on forensic anthropology in Indonesia. In: Blau S, Ubelaker DH (eds) Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York, NY, pp 140\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315528939","edition":"2"},{"key":"3266_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.05.011","volume":"6","author":"D Franklin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franklin D, Swift L, Flavel A (2016) 'Virtual Anthropology\u2019 and radiographic imaging in the forensic medical sciences. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.05.011","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3266_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting Intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"3266_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13501","volume":"63","author":"KM Lesciotto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lesciotto KM, Doershuk LJ (2018) Accuracy and reliability of the Klales et al. (2012) morphoscopic pelvic sexing method. J Forensic Sci 63:214\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13501","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3266_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02292-2","volume":"134","author":"P Selliah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selliah P, Martino F, Cummaudo M et al (2020) Sex estimation of skeletons in middle and late adulthood: reliability of pelvic morphological traits and long bone metrics on an Italian skeletal collection. Int J Legal Med 134:1683\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-020-02292-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03034-w","volume":"137","author":"S Braun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braun S, Schwendener N, Kanz F, L\u00f6sch S, Milella M (2023) What we see is what we touch? Sex estimation on the Pelvis in virtual anthropology. Int J Legal Med 137:1839\u20131852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03034-w","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03233-z","author":"N Rojas Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rojas Gonz\u00e1lez N, Obertov\u00e1 Z, Franklin D (2024) Validation and recalibration of sex estimation methods using pubic nonmetric traits for the Chilean Population. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03233-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3266_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815734-3.00008-7","volume-title":"Sex estimation. Forensic Anthropology: current methods and practice","author":"AM Christensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christensen AM, Passalacqua NV, Bartelink EJ (2019) Sex estimation. Forensic Anthropology: current methods and practice, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 243\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815734-3.00008-7","edition":"2"},{"key":"3266_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118108062.ch12","volume-title":"Human biology: an evolutionary and biocultural perspective","author":"S Stinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stinson S (2012) Growth variation: biological and cultural factors. In: Stinson S, Bogin B, O\u2019Rourke D (eds) Human Biology: an evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, pp 587\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118108062.ch12","edition":"2"},{"key":"3266_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24628","volume":"179","author":"AP Winburn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winburn AP, Yim A-D, Stock MK (2022) Recentering forensic Anthropology within a multifaceted body of evolutionary theory: Strengthening method by making theory explicit. Am J Biol Anthropol 179:535\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24628","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"3266_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.22146\/ijg.12792","volume":"49","author":"S Martha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martha S (2017) The analysis of geospatial information for validating some numbers of islands in Indonesia. Indonesian J Geogr 49:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22146\/ijg.12792","journal-title":"Indonesian J Geogr"},{"key":"3266_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03031-z","volume":"138","author":"L Swift","year":"2023","unstructured":"Swift L, Obertova Z, Franklin D (2023) Demonstrating the empirical effect of population specificity of anthropological standards in a contemporary Australian population. Int J Legal Med 138:537\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03031-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T04:12:38Z","timestamp":1729311158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03266-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0937-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1437-1596"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human Ethics Committee of the Office of Research at the University of Western Australia (2021\/ET000377), Office of the Director-General of Health Sciences from the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, through Hasanuddin University (LB.02.01\/2.2\/6807\/2022), in compliance with the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}