{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T08:40:41Z","timestamp":1776242441709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Stress hormones like catecholamine and cortisol are thought to reflect the magnitude of physical stress in adults and were studied in relationship to the cause of death and agony time. Intrauterine distress, intrapartum events, and modes of delivery can affect the fetal endocrine stress response, as reflected by biochemical analyses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of catecholamines and cortisol as markers of ante-mortem fetal distress. The role of cortisol as a marker of circadian timing of delivery was also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 2-year prospective cohort-comparison inclusion of stillbirths and newborns took place with collection of antemortem data, labor parameters, neonatal outcome, post-mortem data and blood samples. Stillbirths were classified as acute or chronic on the basis of a multidisciplinary evaluation. Heart blood of stillbirths and cord blood of newborns were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for adrenaline and noradrenaline and by immunoassay for cortisol determination.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifteen stillbirths and 46 newborns, as a\u00a0comparison\u00a0group, delivered by spontaneous vaginal birth, elective, and emergency cesarean sections were included. Stillbirths\u2019 main cause of death was cord thrombosis. Levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline (median: 14,188\u00a0pg\/ml and 230.5\u00a0pg\/ml, respectively) were significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in stillbirths than in newborns and were also higher in acute compared to chronic distress. Cortisol levels were significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in spontaneous vaginal delivery (median:\u00a018.2\u00a0\u03bcg\/dl) compared to elective cesarean sections (median:\u00a03.8\u00a0\u03bcg\/dl). No difference in cortisol\u00a0concentrations was detected between newborns delivered at morning and at afternoon\/evening.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that the biochemical measurement of adrenaline and noradrenaline levels might reflect a marked physical stress response during the process of death in stillbirths. On the contrary, the elevation of cortisol levels could mirror the elevation in maternal cortisol level during vaginal delivery. For the post-mortem evaluation of stillbirths, the analysis of CA levels could provide additional data on the duration of distress, useful to integrate the forensic diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T20:01:38Z","timestamp":1722369698000},"page":"2569-2581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biochemical analysis of catecholamine and cortisol for the evaluation of the fetal distress in third trimester stillbirths"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Giorgetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Bonasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lacch\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Comitini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Migliavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Galeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Polese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Stridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Monari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susi","family":"Pelotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"617\u2013625","key":"3303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xiv","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2007.08.003","volume":"34","author":"JM Shwayder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shwayder JM (2007) Liability in high-risk obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 34(617\u2013625):xiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2007.08.003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"3303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11091331","volume":"11","author":"E Bergamin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergamin E, Fiorillo A, Grassi VM et al (2023) Medical professional liability in obstetrics and gynecology: a pilot study of criminal proceedings in the public prosecutor\u2019s office at the court of Rome. Healthcare (Basel) 11:1331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11091331","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"3303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-01999-1","volume":"133","author":"M Paternoster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paternoster M, Perrino M, Travaglino A et al (2019) Parameters for estimating the time of death at perinatal autopsy of stillborn fetuses: a systematic review. Int J Legal Med 133:483\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-019-01999-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.043","volume":"34","author":"C Gravett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gravett C, Eckert LO, Gravett MG et al (2016) Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 34:6084\u20136092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.043","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1176137","volume":"31","author":"H Takita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takita H, Hasegawa J, Arakaki T et al (2018) Antenatal ultrasound screening using check list before delivery for predicting a non-reassuring fetal status during labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 31:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2016.1176137","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"3303_CR6","unstructured":"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (2024) https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/505744734. Accessed 1 March 2024"},{"key":"3303_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Stillbirth. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/stillbirth#tab=tab_1. Accessed 1 March 2024"},{"key":"3303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3612-y","volume":"292","author":"M Eggermont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eggermont M (2015) Intrapartum care and substandard care: juridical recommendations to reduce the risk of liability. Arch Gynecol Obstet 292:87\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-014-3612-y","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"3303_CR9","first-page":"1S119","volume":"32","author":"M Voyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Voyer M (2003) Medical-legal aspects: the pediatrician as a defendant or as an expert. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 32:1S119-1S128","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris)"},{"key":"3303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6024959","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6024959","volume":"2017","author":"V Fineschi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fineschi V, Viola RV, La Russa R et al (2017) A controversial medicolegal issue: timing the onset of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Mediators Inflamm 2017:6024959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6024959","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"3303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00608.x","volume":"112","author":"DE Elder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elder DE, Zuccollo JM, Stanley TV (2005) Neonatal death after hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: does a postmortem add to the final diagnoses? BJOG 112:935\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00608.x","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"3303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02984-5","volume":"137","author":"G Belli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belli G, Scotti L, Andrello L et al (2023) A case of intrauterine fetal death related to furcate cord insertion: a brief review of the literature and professional liability considerations. Int J Legal Med 137:1093\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02984-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362118797725","volume":"8","author":"MC Cohen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohen MC, Scheimberg I (2018) forensic aspects of perinatal deaths. Acad Forensic Pathol 8:452\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1925362118797725","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"3303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s1071-9091(05)80003-8","volume":"2","author":"R Depp","year":"1995","unstructured":"Depp R (1995) Perinatal asphyxia: assessing its causal role and timing. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2:3\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1071-9091(05)80003-8","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"3303_CR15","first-page":"585","volume":"80","author":"DR Genest","year":"1992","unstructured":"Genest DR (1992) Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: II. Histologic evaluation of the placenta; a study of 71 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 80:585\u2013592","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3303_CR16","first-page":"575","volume":"80","author":"DR Genest","year":"1992","unstructured":"Genest DR, Williams MA, Greene MF (1992) Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: I. Histologic evaluation of fetal organs; an autopsy study of 150 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 80:575\u2013584","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0228-0","volume":"15","author":"G Russell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russell G, Lightman S (2019) The human stress response. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15:525\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-019-0228-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"3303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1159\/000151650","volume":"94","author":"I Chapados","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapados I, Cheung P-Y (2008) Not all models are created equal: animal models to study hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of the newborn. Commentary on Gelfand SL et al.: A new model of oxidative stress in rat pups (Neonatology 2008;94:293\u2013299). Neonatology 94:300\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000151650","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"3303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.56.3.1","volume":"56","author":"G Eisenhofer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS (2004) Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacol Rev 56:331\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.56.3.1","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"3303_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.1999.027","volume":"27","author":"L Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang W, Zhao Y (1999) The study of maternal and fetal plasma catecholamines levels during pregnancy and delivery. J Perinat Med 27:195\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPM.1999.027","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"3303_CR21","first-page":"607","volume":"60","author":"JF Padbury","year":"1982","unstructured":"Padbury JF, Roberman B, Oddie TH et al (1982) Fetal catecholamine release in response to labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol 60:607\u2013611","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.18926\/AMO\/31494","volume":"39","author":"Y Yashiro","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yashiro Y, Kudo T, Kishimoto Y (1985) Catecholamines in amniotic fluid as indicators of intrapartum fetal stress. Acta Med Okayama 39:253\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18926\/AMO\/31494","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"3303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810380214","volume":"1","author":"S Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan S, Debono M (2010) Replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: new advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 1:129\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042018810380214","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020676","volume":"18","author":"NAS Mohd Azmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohd Azmi NAS, Juliana N, Azmani S et al (2021) Cortisol on circadian rhythm and its effect on cardiovascular system. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020676","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000216539","volume":"31","author":"K O\u2019Donnell","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell K, O\u2019Connor TG, Glover V (2009) Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA Axis and role of the placenta. Dev Neurosci 31:285\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000216539","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"3303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00530.2013","volume":"307","author":"M Keller-Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keller-Wood M, Feng X, Wood CE et al (2014) Elevated maternal cortisol leads to relative maternal hyperglycemia and increased stillbirth in ovine pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307:R405\u2013R413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00530.2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"3303_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.11.012","volume":"158","author":"PC Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng PC (2011) Effect of stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the fetus and newborn. J Pediatr 158:e41-43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.11.012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)00135-7","volume":"90","author":"J Hirvonen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirvonen J, Kortelainen ML, Huttunen P (1997) Pulmonary and serum surfactant phospholipids and serum catecholamines in strangulation. An experimental study on rats. Forensic Sci Int 90:17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)00135-7","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.02.013","volume":"173","author":"B-L Zhu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhu B-L, Ishikawa T, Michiue T et al (2007) Postmortem serum catecholamine levels in relation to the cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 173:122\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.02.013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0132-8","volume":"121","author":"N Wilke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilke N, Janssen H, Fahrenhorst C et al (2007) Postmortem determination of concentrations of stress hormones in various body fluids\u2013is there a dependency between adrenaline\/noradrenaline quotient, cause of death and agony time? Int J Legal Med 121:385\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-006-0132-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.024","volume":"203","author":"H Maeda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maeda H, Zhu B, Ishikawa T, Michiue T (2010) Forensic molecular pathology of violent deaths. Forensic Sci Int 203:83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113259","volume":"26","author":"E Rosato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosato E, Bonelli M, Locatelli M et al (2021) Forensic biochemical markers to evaluate the agonal period: a literature review. Molecules 26:3259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113259","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.03.026","volume":"895\u2013896","author":"G Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang G, Zhang Y, Ji C et al (2012) Ultra sensitive measurement of endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in human plasma by semi-automated SPE-LC-MS\/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 895\u2013896:186\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.03.026","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"3303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076849","volume":"72","author":"S Berg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Berg S, Bonte R (1973) Catecholaminwerte im Leichenblut und -liquor bei verschiedenen Agonieformen. Z Rechtsmed 72:56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02076849","journal-title":"Z Rechtsmed"},{"key":"3303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01369675","volume":"109","author":"J Hirvonen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hirvonen J, Huttunen P (1996) Postmortem changes in serum noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in rabbit and human cadavers. Int J Legal Med 109:143\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01369675","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e245","volume":"38","author":"S-S Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee S-S, Cheong H (2023) Factors influencing postmortem catecholamine level and its correlations with agony time and cause of death in medicolegal autopsy. J Korean Med Sci 38:e245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e245","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"3303_CR37","unstructured":"Kauert G (1986) Katecholamine in der Agonie: Konzentrationsbestimmungen im Nebennierenmark, Blut u. Urin von Leichen. Enke, Stuttgart. https:\/\/d-nb.info\/850999367\/04"},{"key":"3303_CR38","first-page":"46","volume":"196","author":"C Hausd\u00f6rfer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hausd\u00f6rfer C, Pedal I, Zimmer G et al (1995) Catecholamines, myofibrillary degeneration of the heart muscle and cardiac troponin T in various types of agony. Arch Kriminol 196:46\u201357","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"3303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02140","volume":"103","author":"LI Stirrat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stirrat LI, Sengers BG, Norman JE et al (2017) Transfer and Metabolism of cortisol by the isolated perfused human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:640\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-02140","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000488106","volume":"89","author":"A Morsi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morsi A, DeFranco D, Witchel SF (2018) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the fetus. Horm Res Paediatr 89:380\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000488106","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"3303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012","volume":"38","author":"RM Reynolds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reynolds RM (2013) Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis-2012 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3303_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22021","volume":"63","author":"JS Meyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer JS, Novak MA (2021) Assessment of prenatal stress-related cortisol exposure: focus on cortisol accumulation in hair and nails. Dev Psychobiol 63:409\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.22021","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"3303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.02.002","volume":"56","author":"Q Su","year":"2015","unstructured":"Su Q, Zhang H, Zhang Y et al (2015) Maternal stress in gestation: birth outcomes and stress-related hormone response of the neonates. Pediatr Neonatol 56:376\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.02.002","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"3303_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994641","volume":"10","author":"V Ruth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ruth V, Hallman M, Laatikainen T (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol in cord plasma in relation to gestational age, labor, and fetal distress. Am J Perinatol 10:115\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-994641","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"3303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.030320","volume":"90","author":"V Roelfsema","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roelfsema V, Gunn AJ, Fraser M et al (2005) Cortisol and ACTH responses to severe asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. Exp Physiol 90:545\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.030320","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"3303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.2.7980","volume":"142","author":"DS Gardner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gardner DS, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA (2001) Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol concentrations during acute hypoxemia after a reversible period of adverse intrauterine conditions in the ovine fetus during late gestation. Endocrinology 142:589\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.142.2.7980","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"3303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329403100606","volume":"31","author":"MJ Diver","year":"1994","unstructured":"Diver MJ, Hughes JG, Hutton JL et al (1994) The long-term stability in whole blood of 14 commonly-requested hormone analytes. Ann Clin Biochem 31(Pt 6):561\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000456329403100606","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"3303_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155566","volume":"17","author":"A S\u0142abuszewska-J\u00f3\u017cwiak","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u0142abuszewska-J\u00f3\u017cwiak A, W\u0142odarczyk M, Kilian K et al (2020) Does the Caesarean Section Impact on 11\u03b2 HSD2 and Fetal Cortisol? Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:5566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17155566","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3303_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00620.x","volume":"112","author":"NM Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller NM, Fisk NM, Modi N, Glover V (2005) Stress responses at birth: determinants of cord arterial cortisol and links with cortisol response in infancy. BJOG 112:921\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00620.x","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"3303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5483\/bmbrep.2015.48.4.275","volume":"48","author":"DY Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee DY, Kim E, Choi MH (2015) Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress. BMB Rep 48:209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5483\/bmbrep.2015.48.4.275","journal-title":"BMB Rep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T04:16:20Z","timestamp":1729311380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03303-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of of Area Vasta Emilia Nord (Prot. n. 2021\/0074635 of 09.06.2021). All participants provided their written consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}