{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:35:44Z","timestamp":1780083344674,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial approximation is a technique that involves constructing the facial muscles and applying a suitable facial soft tissue depth (FSTD) dataset. To date, several FSTD studies have been conducted for varying population groups. This study aims to establish a FSTD dataset of an adult Greek population sample for the first time. The facial depths of subjects were measured on 100 head CT scans of 50 male and 50 female subjects aged from 18 to 99. The 3D head and skull models of subjects were segmented in Amira 6.1 by using histogram method. FSTDs were measured at 22 cranial landmarks (5 mid-sagittal, 17 bilateral). The FSTD dataset was generated by considering the age and sex of subjects. The impact of age and sex on the FSTD was limited. Slight inter-population depth variations were reported. Facial asymmetry calculated between the bilateral landmarks was insignificant for both male and female subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T03:32:18Z","timestamp":1723260738000},"page":"2671-2689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Facial soft tissue depth of a contemporary adult Greek population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2057-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in","family":"Co\u015fkun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fasoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Bontozoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3305_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reconstruction of life from the skeleton","author":"MY \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1989","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fcan MY, Kennedy KAR (1989) Reconstruction of life from the skeleton. Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp 1\u201310"},{"key":"3305_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.018","volume":"165","author":"C Cattaneo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattaneo C (2007) Forensic anthropology: developments of a classical discipline in the new millennium. Forensic Sci Int 165:185\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118255377","volume-title":"A companion to forensic anthropology. First Edition","author":"DC Dirkmaat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dirkmaat DC (2012) A companion to forensic anthropology. First Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Sussex, pp 43\u201347"},{"key":"3305_CR4","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Forensic human identification an introduction","author":"L Scheuer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scheuer L, Black S (2007) Osteology. In: Thompson T, Black S (eds) Forensic human identification an introduction. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 199\u2013220"},{"key":"3305_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2015.01.002","volume":"3","author":"AL Brough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brough AL, Morgan B, Rutty GN (2015) The basics of disaster victim identification. J Forensic Rad Imaging 3:29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2015.01.002","journal-title":"J Forensic Rad Imaging"},{"key":"3305_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.07.002","volume":"278","author":"W Goodwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodwin W (2017) The use of forensic DNA analysis in humanitarian forensic action: the development of a set of international standards. Forensic Sci Int 278:221\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.07.002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR7","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Forensic human identification an introduction","author":"C Wilkinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilkinson C (2007) Facial anthropology and reconstruction. In: Thompson T, Black S (eds) Forensic human identification an introduction. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 231\u2013256"},{"key":"3305_CR8","volume-title":"Mass fatality and casualty incidents: a field guide","author":"RA Jensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jensen RA (1999) Mass fatality and casualty incidents: a field guide. CRC, Bota Racon"},{"key":"3305_CR9","unstructured":"Christensen AM, Anderson BE (2017) Methods of personal identification. In: Langley NR, Tersigni-Tarrant MA (Eds) Forensic anthropology: a comprehensive introduction. Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 313\u2013333"},{"key":"3305_CR10","unstructured":"Evison MP (2009) Forensic anthropology and human identification from the skeleton. In: Fraser J, Williams R (eds) Handbook of forensic science. Devon, Willian Publishing, pp 85\u2013112"},{"key":"3305_CR11","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fcan MY, Steyn M (2013) Facial approximation and skull-photo superimposition. In: \u0130\u015fcan MY, Steyn M (Eds) The human skeleton in forensic medicine. Third Edition. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, pp. 361\u2013392"},{"key":"3305_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer NJ, Michael AR, Fenton TW (2012) Human identification using skull-photo superimposition and forensic image comparison. In: Dirkmaat DC (Ed) A companion to forensic anthropology. First Edition. West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell Publication, pp. 432\u2013446","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118255377.ch21"},{"key":"3305_CR13","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Forensic art and illustration","author":"KT Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor KT (2001) Forensic art and illustration. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 361\u2013417"},{"key":"3305_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107340961.008","volume-title":"Forensic facial reconstruction","author":"C Wilkinson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilkinson C (2004) Forensic facial reconstruction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 157\u2013199"},{"key":"3305_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.04.028","volume":"253","author":"JH Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung JH, Chen HT, Hsu WY, Huang GS, Shaw KP (2015) A CT scan database for the facial soft tissue thickness of Taiwan adults. Forensic Sci Int 253:132e1\u2013e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.04.028","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.004","volume":"222","author":"Y Dong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dong Y, Huang L, Feng Z, Bai S, Wu G, Zhao Y (2012) Influence of sex and body mass index on facial soft tissue thickness measurements of the northern Chinese adult population. Forensic Sci Int 222:396e1\u2013396e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.04.007","volume":"231","author":"P Guyomarc\u2019h","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guyomarc\u2019h P, Santos F, Dutailly B, Coqueugniot H (2013) Facial soft tissue depth in French adults: variability, specificity and estimation. Forensic Sci Int 231:411e1\u2013411e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.04.007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.015","volume":"220","author":"P Panenkov\u00e1","year":"2012","unstructured":"Panenkov\u00e1 P, Benus R, Masnicova S, Obertova Z, Grunt J (2012) Facial soft tissue thicknesses of the mid-face for Slovak population. Forensic Sci Int 220:293e1\u2013293e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.01.011","volume":"260","author":"A Drg\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drg\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 A, Dupej J, Veleminska J (2016) Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the present Czech population. Forensic Sci Int 260:e101\u2013e107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.01.011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1581-y","volume":"131","author":"N Thiemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thiemann N, Keil V, Roy U (2017) In vivo facial soft tissue depth of a modern adult population from Germany. Int J Legal Med 131:1455\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1581-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3305_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.009","author":"D Cavanagh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cavanagh D, Steyn M (2011) Facial reconstruction: soft tissue thickness values for South African black females. Forensic Sci Int 206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.009. 215.e1\u2013215.e7"},{"key":"3305_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.012","volume":"242","author":"O Bulut","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bulut O, Sipahioglu S, Hekimoglu B (2014) Facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction in the Turkish adult population. Forensic Sci Int 242:44\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"3305_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02192.x","volume":"57","author":"HS Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang HS, Park MK, Lee WJ, Cho JH, Kim BK, Wilkinson C (2012) Facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction in Korean adults. J Forensic Sci 57(6):1442\u20131447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02192.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3305_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.012","volume":"176","author":"D Sahni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sahni D, Sanjeev, Singh G, Jit I, Singh P (2008) Facial soft tissue thickness in Northwest Indian adults. Forensic Sci Int 176:137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3305_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00009.x","volume":"51","author":"M Domaracki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Domaracki M, Stephan CN (2006) Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Australian adult cadavers. J Forensic Sci 51(1):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00009.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3305_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.11.011","volume":"184","author":"S Codinha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Codinha S (2009) Facial soft tissue thicknesses for the Portuguese adult population. Forensic Sci Int 184:80e1\u20138080. .e7","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9085-9","volume":"5","author":"S De Greef","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Greef S, Vandermeulen D, Claes P, Suetens P, Williems G (2009) The influence of sex, age and body mass index on facial soft tissue depth. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 5:60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-009-9085-9","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3305_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x","volume":"53","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stephan CN, Simpson EK (2008) Facial soft tissue depth in craniofacial identification (part I): an analytical review of the published adult data. J Forensic Sci 53(6):1257\u20131272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3305_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1334-3","volume":"130","author":"AM Karell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karell AM, Langstaff HK, Halazonetis DJ, Minghetti C, Frelat M, Kranioti EF (2016) A novel method for pair-matching using three-dimensional digital models of bone: mesh-to-mesh value comparison. Int J Legal Med 130:1315\u20131322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-016-1334-3","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3305_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/2841484","volume":"14","author":"JG Garson","year":"1885","unstructured":"Garson JG (1885) The Frankfort craniometric agreement with critical remarks thereon. J Anthropol Inst Great Brit Irel 14:64\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2841484","journal-title":"J Anthropol Inst Great Brit Irel"},{"key":"3305_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2002.1035879","volume":"1","author":"N Aspert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aspert N, Santa-Cruz D, Ebrahimi T (2002) Mesh: measuring errors between surfaces using the Hausdorff distance. Proc IEEE Int Conf Multimedia Expo 1:705\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICME.2002.1035879","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Multimedia Expo"},{"issue":"A","key":"3305_CR32","first-page":"131","volume":"65","author":"H Jamaiyah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jamaiyah H, Geeta A, Safiza MN, Khor GL, Wong NF, Kee CC, Rahmah R, Ahmad AZ, Suzana S, Chen WS, Rajaah M, Adam B (2010) Reliability, technical error of measurements and validity of length and weight measurements for children under two years old in malasia. Med J Malaysia 65(A):131\u2013137","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3305_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922005000100009","volume":"11","author":"TA Perini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perini TA, De Oliveira GL, Dos Santos Ornellas J, De Oliveira FP (2005) Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Rev Bras Med Esporte 11(1):86\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-86922005000100009","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"key":"3305_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001348","volume":"82","author":"SJ Ulijaszek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA (1999) Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 82:165\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114599001348","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3305_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24923","volume":"39","author":"JM Stephen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stephen JM, Calder JDF, Williams A, Daou HE (2021) Comparative accuracy of lower limb bone geometry determined using MRI, CT, and direct bone 3D models. J Orthop Res 39:1870\u20131876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.24923","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3305_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(02)00061-0","volume":"6","author":"MAG Ballester","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ballester MAG, Zisserman AP, Brady M (2002) Estimation of the partial volume effect in MRI. Med Image Anal 6(4):389\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1361-8415(02)00061-0","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"3305_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14227-8_6","volume-title":"Biomedical Visualisation, advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, volume II, 1138. First Edition","author":"CP Somos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Somos CP, Rea PM, Shankland S, Kranioti EF (2019) Medical imaging and facial soft tissue thickness studies for forensic craniofacial approximation: a pilot study on modern cretans. In: Rea PM (ed) Biomedical Visualisation, advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, volume II, 1138. First Edition. Springer, Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14227-8_6"},{"key":"3305_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.008","volume":"219","author":"P Guyomarc\u2019h","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guyomarc\u2019h P, Santos F, Dutailly B, Desbarats P, Bou C, Coqueugniot H (2012) Three-dimensional computer-assisted craniometrics: a comparison of the uncertainty in measurement induced by surface reconstruction performed by two computer programs. Forensic Sci Int 219:221\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3305_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00771.x","volume":"53","author":"CR Grivas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grivas CR, Komar DA (2008) Kumho, Daubert, and the nature of scientific inquiry: implications for forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci 53(4):771\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00771.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3305_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01176.x","volume":"54","author":"AM Christensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen AM, Crowder CM (2009) Evidentiary standards for forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci 54(6):1211\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01176.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3305_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109965","volume":"304","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stephan CN, Meikle B, Freudenstein N, Taylor R, Claes P (2019) Facial soft tissue thicknesses in craniofacial identification: data collection protocols and associated measurement errors. Forensic Sci Int 304:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109965","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR42","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data","author":"FL Bookstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bookstein FL (1991) Landmarks. In: Bookstein FL (ed) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 55\u201387"},{"key":"3305_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1156","volume":"21","author":"SB Sholts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sholts SB, Flores L, Walker PL, W\u00e4rml\u00e4nder SKTS (2011) Comparison of coordinate measurement precision of different landmark types on human crania using a 3D laser scanner and a 3D digitiser: implications for applications of digital morphometrics. Internat J Osteoarchaeol 21:535\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.1156","journal-title":"Internat J Osteoarchaeol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3305_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00751.x","volume":"53","author":"AH Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ross AH, Williams SE (2008) Testing repeatability and error of coordinate landmark data acquired from crania. J Forensic Sci 53(4):782\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00751.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"s38","key":"3305_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.60012","volume":"123","author":"DE Slice","year":"2004","unstructured":"Slice DE, Unteregger C, Bookstein FL, Sch\u00e4fer K (2004) Modeling the precision of landmark data. Am J Phys Anthropol 123(s38):183\u2013195","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3305_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.11.004","volume":"155","author":"KD Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim KD, Ruprecht A, Wang G, Lee JB, Dawson DV, Vannier MW (2005) Accuracy of facial soft tissue thickness measurements in personal computer-based multiplanar reconstructed computed tomographic images. Forensic Sci Int 155:28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.11.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"3305_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14535","volume":"65","author":"B Bertoglio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertoglio B, Corradin S, Cappella A, Mazzarelli D, Biehler-Gomez L, Messina C, Pozzi G, Sconfienza LM, Sardanelli F, Sforza C, De Angelis D, Cattaneo C (2020) Pitfalls of computed tomography 3D reconstruction models in cranial nonmetric analysis. J Forensic Sci 65(6):2098\u20132107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14535","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3305_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511600500.003","volume-title":"Anthropometry: the individual and the population. First Edition","author":"PH Dangerfield","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dangerfield PH (1994) Asymmetry and growth. In: Ulijaszek SJ, Mascie-Taylor CGN (eds) Anthropometry: the individual and the population. First Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 7\u201329"},{"key":"3305_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.034","volume":"159S","author":"S De Greef","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Greef S, Claes P, Vandermeulen D, Mollemans W, Suetens P, Willems G (2006) Large scale in-vivo caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 159S:S126\u2013S146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.034","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3305_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10073","volume":"118","author":"E Simpson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simpson E, Henneberg M (2002) Variation of soft tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relation to craniometric dimensions. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10073","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3305_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300215","volume":"30","author":"PRN Sutton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sutton PRN (1969) Bizygomatic diameter: the thickness of the soft tissues over the zygions. Am J Phys Anthropol 30:303\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330300215","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3305_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54","volume":"119","author":"RJ Rohrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE (2007) The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(7):2219\u20132227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"3305_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.00270.x","volume":"26","author":"LM Donofrio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Donofrio LM (2000) Fat distribution: a morphological study of the aging face. Dermatol Surg 26(12):1107\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.00270.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3305_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2013.43.4.178","volume":"43","author":"KS Cha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cha KS (2013) Soft-tissue thickness of South Korean adults with normal facial profiles. Korean J Orthod 43(4):178\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4041\/kjod.2013.43.4.178","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"3305_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x","volume":"93","author":"S Shuster","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shuster S, Black MM, McVitie E (1975) The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Br J Dermatol 93:639\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"3305_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(96)00105-8","volume":"15","author":"E Tur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tur E (1997) Physiology of the skin- differences between women and men. Clin Dermatol 15:5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0738-081X(96)00105-8","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"3305_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12094","volume":"20","author":"S Luebberding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M (2014) Mechanical properties of human skin in vivo: a comparative evaluation in 300 men and women. Skin Res Technol 20:127\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.12094","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"3305_CR58","unstructured":"Daubert v (1993) Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc 509 US 579"},{"key":"3305_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9085-9","volume":"5","author":"S De Greef","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Greef S, Vandermeulen D, Claes P, Suetens P, Williems G (2009) The influence of sex, age and body mass index on facial soft tissue depth. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 5:60\u201365","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1729311484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03305-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical committees of Athens Medical Centre granted the acquisition of the anonymised CT scans (23\/03\/2020) and the University of Edinburgh (School of History, Classics and Archaeology) gave their approval for conducting this study (19\/02\/2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}