{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:53:45Z","timestamp":1787756025320,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T02:39:35Z","timestamp":1731119975000},"page":"779-794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Forensic issues in autoerotic deaths: A 44-year systematic review and a case series from the legal medicine institutes of Bologna and Milan, Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Pelletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Galante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0887-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Franceschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carla","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susi","family":"Pelotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00013","volume":"12","author":"RW Byard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Byard RW, Bramwell NH (1991) Autoerotic death. A definition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 12:74\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00013","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00032.x","volume":"51","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sauvageau A, Racette S (2006) Autoerotic deaths in the literature from 1954 to 2004: a review. J Forensic Sci 51:140\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00032.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3367_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0430-z","volume":"16","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sauvageau A (2014) Current reports on autoerotic deaths\u2013five persistent myths. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16:430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-013-0430-z","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"3367_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02449-z","volume":"135","author":"K Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer K, Sch\u00f6n CA, Jackowski C (2021) Fatal strangulation during consensual BDSM activity: three case reports. Int J Legal Med 135:347\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-020-02449-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmmsl.47.2.174","volume":"47","author":"P Schoendorff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schoendorff P, Lamothe P, Fanton L, Malicier D, Sauvageau A (2007) Ethical problems in the investigation of autoerotic deaths: three case reports. Med Sci Law 47:174\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/rsmmsl.47.2.174","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379403900307","volume":"39","author":"SC Tough","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tough SC, Butt JC, Sanders GL (1994) Autoerotic asphyxial deaths: analysis of nineteen fatalities in Alberta, 1978 to 1989. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr 39:157\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674379403900307","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"key":"3367_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group PRISMA (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3367_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, and the, PRISMA-DTA Group T, Clifford JF, Cohen JJ, Deeks C, Gatsonis L, Hooft HA, Hunt CJ, Hyde DA, Korevaar MMG, Leeflang P, Macaskill JB, Reitsma R, Rodin AWS, Rutjes J-P, Salameh A, Stevens Y, Takwoingi M, Tonelli L, Weeks P, Whiting BH, Willis (2018) Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: the PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA 319:388\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163"},{"key":"3367_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Fazio A, Macorano E, Pascale N, Ciavarella MC, Cazzato G, Introna F, Sablone S (2023) The game is over: a case of death by autoerotic asphyxiation. EuroMediterranean Biomed J 18:71\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3269\/1970-5492.2023.18.15","DOI":"10.3269\/1970-5492.2023.18.15"},{"key":"3367_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2023.102265","volume":"63","author":"PK \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka PK, Dalibor K, Tom\u00e1\u0161 V, Lenka Z, Martin J, Rizwana R, Petr H (2023) Electrocuted to death: a case of an autoerotic fatality with body wrapping, anal masochism, and low abdomen mechanical stimulation. Leg Med Tokyo Jpn 63:102265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2023.102265","journal-title":"Leg Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"3367_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2022.102062","volume":"57","author":"P Handlos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Handlos P, Gebauerov\u00e1 V, Papou\u0161ek R, Handlosov\u00e1 K, Dokoupil M, Klabal O, Uv\u00edra M (2022) Toluene abuse as a contributing factor in a case of fatal autoerotic asphyxia. Leg Med Tokyo Jpn 57:102062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2022.102062","journal-title":"Leg Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"3367_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000756","volume":"43","author":"EV McLeod","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLeod EV, Loughney EK, Baker AM, Berg EW, Warren WS (2022) Autoerotic death by Electrocution: an atypical case study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 43:249\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000756","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stellacci A, Corradi S, Buongiorno L, Mandarelli G, Dell\u2019erba A, Marrone M (2022), From dying of pleasure to the pleasure of dying: two cases of accidental Asphyptic deaths, during autoerotic practices. EuroMediterranean Biomed J 17:136\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3269\/1970-5492.2022.17.29","DOI":"10.3269\/1970-5492.2022.17.29"},{"key":"3367_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02344-7","volume":"135","author":"P Hejna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hejna P, Z\u00e1topkov\u00e1 L, Jan\u00edk M (2021) Rectal explosion: a strange case of autoerotic death. Int J Legal Med 135:307\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-020-02344-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alongi A, Stassi C, Mondello C, Baldino G, Argo A, Ventura E, Spagnolo (2020) Hanging disguised as bondage: accidental or suicidal death? Forensic Sci Med Pathol 16:724\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-020-00261-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00261-0"},{"key":"3367_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00236-1","volume":"16","author":"P Lunetta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lunetta P, Kriikku P, Tikka J, Ojanper\u00e4 I (2020) Fatal \u03b1-PVP and amphetamine poisoning during a sauna and autoerotic practices. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 16:493\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-020-00236-1","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou J, Bauler LD, Brown TT (2020) An illustrative case of suicidal hanging Versus Accidental hanging Associated with autoerotic activity: necessary Medicolegal Death Investigation and Role of Cognitive Bias. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 41:220\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000576","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000576"},{"key":"3367_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110340","volume":"313","author":"L Lohner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lohner L, Sperhake JP, P\u00fcschel K, Schr\u00f6der AS (2020) Autoerotic deaths in Hamburg, Germany: autoerotic accident or death from internal cause in an autoerotic setting? A retrospective study from 2004\u20132018. Forensic Sci Int 313:110340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110340","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3367_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.04.006","volume":"38","author":"N Idota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Idota N, Nakamura M, Tsuboi H, Ichioka H, Shintani-Ishida K, Ikegaya H (2019) Autoerotic asphyxia using a plastic bag loosely covering the head over a gas mask. Leg Med Tokyo Jpn 38:69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.04.006","journal-title":"Leg Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"3367_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2018.258","volume":"26","author":"M Focardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Focardi M, Bugelli V, Defraia B, Gualco B, Norelli G-A (2018) Accidental death in autoerotic maneuvers: case series. Romanian J Leg Med 26:258\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4323\/rjlm.2018.258","journal-title":"Romanian J Leg Med"},{"key":"3367_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9832-7","volume":"13","author":"RW Byard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Byard RW (2017) Female autoerotic asphyxial death - features and issues, Forensic Sci. Med Pathol 13:107\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-016-9832-7","journal-title":"Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9826-5","volume":"13","author":"L Tattoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tattoli L, Solarino B, Tsokos M, Buschmann C, Oesterhelweg L (2017) Two extraordinary autoerotic fatalities, Forensic Sci. Med Pathol 13:102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-016-9826-5","journal-title":"Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2012.012033","volume":"53","author":"S-K Jung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jung S-K (2013) An autoerotic death in Korea. Med Sci Law 53:48\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/msl.2012.012033","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"3367_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02302.x","volume":"58","author":"MES Modelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Modelli MES, Rodrigues MS, Castro BZM, Corr\u00eaa RS (2013) Self-induced fatal air embolism: accidental autoerotic death or suicide? J Forensic Sci 58(1):261\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02302.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3367_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.08.026","volume":"206","author":"K Sakai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sakai K, Maruyama-Maebashi K, Takatsu A, Fukui K, Nagai T, Aoyagi M, Ochiai E, Iwadate K (2011) Sudden death involving inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) with spray cleaner: three case reports. Forensic Sci Int 206:e58\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.08.026","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3367_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.05.021","volume":"204","author":"B Solarino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solarino B, Leonardi S, Grattagliano I, Tattoli L, Di Vella G (2011) An unusual death of a masochist: Accident or suicide? Forensic Sci Int 204:e16\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.05.021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3367_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2011.249","volume":"19","author":"O Skugarevsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skugarevsky O, Ehrlich E, Sheleg S (2011) Accidental strangulation resulted from hypoxyphilia associated with multiple paraphilias and substance abuse: a psychological autopsy case report. Romanian J Leg Med 19:249\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4323\/rjlm.2011.249","journal-title":"Romanian J Leg Med"},{"key":"3367_CR28","first-page":"246","volume":"21","author":"T Atanasijevi\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"Atanasijevi\u0107 T, Jovanovi\u0107 AA, Nikoli\u0107 S, Popovi\u0107 V, Jasovi\u0107-Gasi\u0107 M (2009) Accidental death due to complete autoerotic asphyxia associated with transvestic fetishism and anal self-stimulation - case report. Psychiatr Danub 21:246\u2013251","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"3367_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9093-9","volume":"5","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sauvageau A, Geberth VJ (2009) Elderly victim: an unusual autoerotic fatality involving an 87-year-old male. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 5:233\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-009-9093-9","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2009.193","volume":"17","author":"C Capatina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Capatina C, Hostiuc S, Dragoteanu C, Curca GC (2009) Autoerotic asphyxial hanging - case presentation. Romanian J Leg Med 17:193\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4323\/rjlm.2009.193","journal-title":"Romanian J Leg Med"},{"key":"3367_CR31","first-page":"462","volume":"58","author":"R Fedakar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fedakar R, Akan O, Eren B (2008) Autoerotic asphyxia by hanging. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 58:462\u2013464","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"3367_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181651b79","volume":"29","author":"M Focardi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Focardi M, Gualco B, Norelli G (2008) Accidental death in autoerotic maneuvers. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 29:64\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181651b79","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00496.x","volume":"52","author":"M Schellenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schellenberg M, Racette S, Sauvageau A (2007) Complex autoerotic death with full body wrapping in a plastic body bag. J Forensic Sci 52:954\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00496.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3367_CR34","first-page":"625","volume":"31","author":"V Stemberga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stemberga V, Brali\u0107 M, Bosnar A, Coklo M (2007) Propane-associated autoerotic asphyxiation: accident or suicide? Coll Antropol 31:625\u2013627","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"3367_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000188167.70732.9d","volume":"27","author":"F Musshoff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Musshoff F, Padosch SA, Kroener LA, Madea B (2006) Accidental autoerotic death by volatile substance abuse or nonsexually motivated accidents? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 27:188\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.paf.0000188167.70732.9d","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0016-3","volume":"120","author":"B Vennemann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vennemann B, Pollak S (2006) Death by hanging while watching violent pornographic videos on the internet - suicide or accidental autoerotic death? Int J Legal Med 120:110\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-005-0016-3","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00031.x","volume":"51","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sauvageau A, Racette S (2006) Aqua-eroticum: an unusual autoerotic fatality in a lake involving a home-made diving apparatus. J Forensic Sci 51:137\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00031.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3367_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmmsl.46.4.357","volume":"46","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sauvageau A, Racette S (2006) Female autoerotic deaths\u2013still often overlooked: a case report. Med Sci Law 46:357\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/rsmmsl.46.4.357","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.3.216","volume":"30","author":"PP Singer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singer PP, Jones GR (2006) An unusual autoerotic fatality associated with chloroform inhalation. J Anal Toxicol 30:216\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/30.3.216","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"3367_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koops E, Janssen W, Anders S, P\u00fcschel K (2005) Unusual phenomenology of autoerotic fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 147:S65\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.095"},{"key":"3367_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000188076.54147.07","volume":"26","author":"C Jackowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jackowski C, R\u00f6mhild W, Aebi B, Bernhard W, Krause D, Dirnhofer R (2005) Autoerotic accident by inhalation of propane-butane gas mixture. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 26:355\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.paf.0000188076.54147.07","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/s1344-6223(03)00053-1","volume":"5","author":"Y Ueno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ueno Y, Asano M, Nushida H, Nakagawa K, Adachi J, Nagasaki Y (2003) Sexual asphyxia by hanging\u2013a case report and a review of the literature. Leg Med Tokyo Jpn 5:175\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1344-6223(03)00053-1","journal-title":"Leg Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"3367_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PAF.0000052754.37280.10","volume":"24","author":"JC Schott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schott JC, Davis GJ, Hunsaker JC (2003) Accidental electrocution during autoeroticism: a shocking case. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 24:92\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PAF.0000052754.37280.10","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-001-0274-7","volume":"116","author":"D Breitmeier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Breitmeier D, Passie T, Mansouri F, Albrecht K, Kleemann WJ (2002) Autoerotic accident associated with self-applied ketamine. Int J Legal Med 116:113\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-001-0274-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-001-0271-x","volume":"116","author":"N Behrendt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Behrendt N, Buhl N, Seidl S (2002) The lethal paraphiliac syndrome: accidental autoerotic deaths in four women and a review of the literature. Int J Legal Med 116:148\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-001-0271-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200106000-00014","volume":"22","author":"G Tournel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tournel G, Hubert N, Roug\u00e9 C, H\u00e9douin V, Gosset D (2001) Complete autoerotic asphyxiation: suicide or accident? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22:180\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200106000-00014","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200003000-00012","volume":"21","author":"RW Byard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Byard RW, Eitzen DA, James R (2000) Unusual fatal mechanisms in nonasphyxial autoerotic death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21:65\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200003000-00012","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00021","volume":"21","author":"LS Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones LS, Wyatt JP, Busuttil A (2000) Plastic bag asphyxia in southeast Scotland. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21:401\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00021","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200006000-00004","volume":"21","author":"PD Gosink","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gosink PD, Jumbelic MI (2000) Autoerotic asphyxiation in a female. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21:114\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200006000-00004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199806000-00019","volume":"19","author":"M Klintschar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klintschar M, Grabuschnigg P, Beham A (1998) Death from electrocution during autoerotic practice: case report and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19:190\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199806000-00019","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00017","volume":"19","author":"JJ McLennan","year":"1998","unstructured":"McLennan JJ, Sekula-Perlman A, Lippstone MB, Callery RT (1998) Propane-associated autoerotic fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19:381\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00017","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00926239608405305","volume":"22","author":"AJ Cooper","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cooper AJ (1996) Auto-erotic asphyxiation: three case reports. J Sex Marital Ther 22:47\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00926239608405305","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"3367_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/s1353-1131(96)90047-4","volume":"3","author":"RI Henry","year":"1996","unstructured":"Henry RI (1996) Suicide by proxy: a case report of juvenile autoerotic sexual asphyxia disguised as suicide. A common occurrence? J Clin Forensic Med 3:55\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1353-1131(96)90047-4","journal-title":"J Clin Forensic Med"},{"key":"3367_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029400169631","volume":"26","author":"CT Cooke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cooke CT, Cadden GA, Margolius KA (1994) Autoerotic deaths: four cases. Pathol (Phila) 26:276\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313029400169631","journal-title":"Pathol (Phila)"},{"key":"3367_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199206000-00007","volume":"13","author":"GT Gowitt","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gowitt GT, Hanzlick RL (1992) Atypical autoerotic deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13:115\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199206000-00007","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00014","volume":"12","author":"MD Bell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bell MD, Tate LG, Wright RK (1991) Sexual asphyxia in siblings. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 12:77\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00014","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00012","volume":"12","author":"LR Boglioli","year":"1991","unstructured":"Boglioli LR, Taff ML, Stephens PJ, Money J (1991) A case of autoerotic asphyxia associated with multiplex paraphilia. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 12:64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199103000-00012","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6163.1991.tb00329.x","volume":"27","author":"RE Cosgray","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cosgray RE, Hanna V, Fawley R, Money M (1991) Death from auto-erotic asphyxiation in a long-term psychiatric setting. Perspect Psychiatr Care 27:21\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6163.1991.tb00329.x","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"3367_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01816487","volume":"104","author":"B Marc","year":"1990","unstructured":"Marc B, Chadly A, Durigon M (1990) Fatal air embolism during female autoerotic practice. Int J Legal Med 104:59\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01816487","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3367_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198809000-00017","volume":"9","author":"RW Byard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Byard RW, Bramwell NH (1988) Autoerotic death in females. An underdiagnosed syndrome? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 9:252\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-198809000-00017","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248802800210","volume":"28","author":"N Ikeda","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ikeda N, Harada A, Umetsu K, Suzuki T (1988) A case of fatal suffocation during an unusual auto-erotic practice. Med Sci Law 28:131\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248802800210","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198803000-00017","volume":"9","author":"S Leadbeatter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Leadbeatter S (1988) Dental anesthetic death. An unusual autoerotic episode. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 9:60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-198803000-00017","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198708030-00014","volume":"8","author":"A Eriksson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eriksson A, Gezelius C, Bring G (1987) Rolled up to death. An unusual autoerotic fatality. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 8:263\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-198708030-00014","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198509000-00016","volume":"6","author":"J Hiss","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hiss J, Rosenberg SB, Adelson L (1985) Swinging in the park. An investigation of an autoerotic death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6:250\u2013255","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198506000-00008","volume":"6","author":"F Minyard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Minyard F (1985) Wrapped to death. Unusual autoerotic death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6:151\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-198506000-00008","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198512000-00014","volume":"6","author":"S Sivaloganathan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sivaloganathan S (1985) Catheteroticum. Fatal late complication following autoerotic practice. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6:340\u2013342","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248402400413","volume":"24","author":"S Sivaloganathan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sivaloganathan S (1984) Aqua-eroticum\u2013a case of auto-erotic drowning. Med Sci Law 24:300\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248402400413","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248302300204","volume":"23","author":"CT Tan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tan CT, Chao TC (1983) A case of fatal electrocution during an unusual autoerotic practice. Med Sci Law 23:92\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248302300204","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248102100109","volume":"21","author":"S Sivaloganathan","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sivaloganathan S (1981) Curiosum eroticum\u2013a case of fatal electrocution during auto-erotic practice. Med Sci Law 21:47\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248102100109","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3367_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198006000-00004","volume":"1","author":"BL Danto","year":"1980","unstructured":"Danto BL (1980) A case of female autoerotic death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1:117\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-198006000-00004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182186a03","volume":"33","author":"A Sauvageau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sauvageau A (2012) Autoerotic deaths: a 25-year retrospective epidemiological study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 33:143\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182186a03","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00275-5","volume":"137","author":"D Breitmeier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Breitmeier D, Mansouri F, Albrecht K, B\u00f6hm U, Tr\u00f6ger HD, Kleemann WJ (2003) Accidental autoerotic deaths between 1978 and 1997. Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Forensic Sci. Int 137:41\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00275-5","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"3367_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1983.tb03361.x","volume":"53","author":"AW Burgess","year":"1983","unstructured":"Burgess AW, Hazelwood RR (1983) Autoerotic asphyxial deaths and social network response. Am J Orthopsychiatry 53:166\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1983.tb03361.x","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"3367_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199303000-00017","volume":"14","author":"RW Byard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Byard RW, Hucker SJ, Hazelwood RR (1993) Fatal and near-fatal autoerotic asphyxial episodes in women. Characteristic features based on a review of nine cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14:70\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199303000-00017","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR75","unstructured":"Burkhard M (2014) Handbook of forensic medicine. Willey Blackwell"},{"key":"3367_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00016","volume":"19","author":"RW Byard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Byard RW, Botterill P (1998) Autoerotic asphyxial death\u2013accident or suicide? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19:377\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00016","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3367_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02629-5","volume":"135","author":"N Galante","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galante N, Terzi M, Gentile G, Tambuzzi S, Zoja R (2021) An unusual suicide by self-waterboarding: forensic pathological issues. Int J Legal Med 135:2351\u20132356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02629-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3367_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/192226","volume":"33","author":"A Porzionato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Porzionato A, Boscolo-Berto R (2024) Assessing violent mechanical asphyxia in forensic pathology: state-of-the-art and unanswered questions. Adv Clin Exp Med 33(9):905\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/192226","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"3367_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balzo GD, Pelletti G, Raniero D, Farinelli A, Uberti A, Vermiglio E, Molteni G, Nocini R, Gobbo S, Taus F, Eccher A, Luchini C, Brunelli M (2024) Forensic value of soft tissue detachments from the hyoid bone in death due to strangulation asphyxia. Adv Clin Exp Med 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/186560","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/186560"},{"key":"3367_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/183124","author":"A Giorgetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giorgetti A, Pascali JP, Pelletti G, Garagnani M, Roffi R, Grech M, Fais P (2024) Optimizing screening cutoffs for drugs of abuse in hair using immunoassay for forensic applications. Adv Clin Exp Med off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/183124","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ"},{"key":"3367_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.08.008","volume":"34","author":"G Pelletti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelletti G, Rossi F, Garagnani M, Barone R, Roffi R, Pelotti S (2018) Medico-legal implications of toluene abuse and toxicity. Review of cases along with blood concentrations. Leg Med Tokyo Jpn 34:48\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.08.008","journal-title":"Leg Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"3367_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.015","volume":"142","author":"SMR Wille","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wille SMR, Lambert WEE (2004) Volatile substance abuse\u2013post-mortem diagnosis. Forensic Sci Int 142:135\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3367_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Byard RW (2014) Preventive pathology revisited. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 10:155\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-014-9534-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9534-y"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T09:59:56Z","timestamp":1740391196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03367-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data were acquired as part of a forensic judicial investigation and in accordance with Italian Police Mortuary Regulation (DPR 09.10.1990 n\u00b0 285, art. 43) and the Regio Decreto (08.31.1933 n\u00b0 1592, art. 32).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The current Italian legislation neither requires the family\u2019s consent or ethical approval for a single case, as long as the data are kept strictly anonymous. Because summoning the parents was not possible as it would badly interfere with the grieving process, parents\u2019 consent was waived, according to the Italian Authority of Privacy and Data Protection (\u201cGarante della Privacy\u201d: GDPR nr 679\/2016; 9\/2016 and recent law addition number 424\/19th of July 2018; . it).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Authors declared no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}