{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:20:37Z","timestamp":1784640037221,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Estimating the chronological age of humans is a prevalent need in forensic practice. Comparing the accuracy of different age identification methods helps provide the most reliable method for a specific population. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of age assessments using skeletal maturation and dental mineralization in a sample of Egyptians and to assess if combining both methods yields more precise age prediction. A cross-sectional study included 176 Egyptian children and adolescents aged between 8 and 16 who underwent orthopantomograms and hand-wrist radiographs. All radiographs were scored independently for skeletal maturation using the Fishman method and dental development using the Nolla method. While Fishman and Nolla methods were valid and reliable age predictors with variable sex and age group accuracy in Egyptians, the Nolla method showed superior performance. The Nolla method slightly underestimated the chronological age, while the Fishman method slightly over-estimated it, showing median differences of -0.21 and 0.17, respectively. Correlating the estimated age using the Fishman and Nolla methods and the chronological age showed intraclass correlation coefficients of (0.854 and 0.660) and (0.973 and 0.977) for females and males, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The model adopting the Nolla score exhibited the highest R\u00b2 (0.973 and 0.968) and the lowest Akaike information criteria (96 and 106) for females and males, respectively, which is comparable to the model adopting both Nolla scores and skeletal maturation indicators. Therefore, we recommend adopting the model incorporating only the Nolla scores for age estimation without the need for further hand and wrist radiography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T06:55:04Z","timestamp":1736146504000},"page":"695-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Bridging gaps in age estimation: a cross-sectional comparative study of skeletal maturation using Fishman method and dental development using Nolla method among Egyptians"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba Ibrahim","family":"Lashin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa Fady","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Salah","family":"Ghaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1810-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa Shaban","family":"El-Desouky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira Elsayed","family":"Elhawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3394_CR1","first-page":"ZC01","volume":"11","author":"M Macha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macha M, Lamba B, Avula JSS et al (2017) Estimation of correlation between chronological age, skeletal age and dental age in children: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res 11:ZC01","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"3394_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.016","volume":"165","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Geserick G, Reisinger W, Olze A (2007) Age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 165:178\u2013181","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04417-w","volume":"26","author":"H Akman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akman H, Surme K, Cimen T, Ayyildiz H (2022) Accuracy of different dental age estimation methods for determining the legal majority of 18 years in the Turkish population. Clin Oral Investig 26:4537\u20134547","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"3394_CR4","first-page":"205","volume":"23","author":"E Yendaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yendaw E (2022) Cross-border migration of itinerant immigrant retailers in Ghana. J Int Migr Integr 23:205\u2013225","journal-title":"J Int Migr Integr"},{"key":"3394_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.026","volume":"221","author":"S De Luca","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Luca S, De Giorgio S, Butti AC et al (2012) Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in tooth roots: study of a Mexican sample. Forensic Sci Int 221:155\u2013e1","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR6","first-page":"16-24","volume":"38","author":"V Utama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Utama V, Soedarsono N, Yuniastuti M (2020) Assessment of agreement between cervical vertebrae skeletal and dental age estimation with chronological age in an Indonesian population. J Forensic Odonto-Stomatology 38:16\u201324","journal-title":"J Forensic Odonto-Stomatology"},{"key":"3394_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01860.x","volume":"56","author":"MM Fernandes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernandes MM, Tinoco RLR, de Braganca DPP et al (2011) Age estimation by measurements of developing teeth: accuracy of Cameriere\u2019s method on a Brazilian sample. J Forensic Sci 56:1616\u20131619","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghonem MM, Eldeeb BS, Elaggan AM, Lashin HI (2024) Age estimation based on sternebral fusion in a sample of Egyptian population using three-dimensional computed tomography scanning. Forensic Imaging 39:200613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2024.200613"},{"key":"3394_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2017.12.002","volume":"31","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz A, Maestro N, Benito M et al (2018) Sex and age at death estimation from the sternal end of the fourth rib. Does \u00cd\u015fcan\u2019s method really work? Leg Med 31:24\u201329","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"3394_CR10","first-page":"100154","volume":"3","author":"MS Puerto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puerto MS, Abboud D, Baraybar JP et al (2021) The search process: integrating the investigation and identification of missing and unidentified persons. Forensic Sci Int 3:100154","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paz Cort\u00e9s MM, Rojo R, Al\u00eda Garc\u00eda E et al (2020) Accuracy assessment of dental age estimation with the Willems, Demirjian and Nolla methods in Spanish children: comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 20:361 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-02247-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02247-x"},{"key":"3394_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000329372","volume":"76","author":"DD Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin DD, Wit JM, Hochberg Z et al (2011) The use of bone age in clinical practice\u2013part 1. Horm Res Paediatr 76:1\u20139","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"3394_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallo F, Mohn A, Chiarelli F, Giannini C (2021) Evaluation of bone age in children: a Mini-review. Front Pediatr 9:580314","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.580314"},{"key":"3394_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03109-2","volume":"24","author":"B Gelbrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gelbrich B, Carl C, Gelbrich G (2020) Comparison of three methods to estimate dental age in children. Clin Oral Investig 24:2469\u20132475","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"3394_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.11.011","volume":"22","author":"M Mansourvar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mansourvar M, Ismail MA, Raj RG et al (2014) The applicability of Greulich and Pyle atlas to assess skeletal age for four ethnic groups. J Forensic Leg Med 22:26\u201329","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3394_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_139_17","volume":"7","author":"A Saade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saade A, Baron P, Noujeim Z, Azar D (2017) Dental and skeletal age estimations in Lebanese children: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 7:90\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_139_17","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"3394_CR17","unstructured":"Fishman L S (1982) Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. Angle Orthod 52:88\u2013112"},{"key":"3394_CR18","first-page":"118","volume":"74","author":"C Flores-Mir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flores-Mir C, Nebbe B, Major PW (2004) Use of skeletal maturation based on hand-wrist radiographic analysis as a predictor of facial growth: a systematic review. Angle Orthod 74:118\u2013124","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3394_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13986","volume":"64","author":"Z U\u011fur Ayd\u0131n","year":"2019","unstructured":"U\u011fur Ayd\u0131n Z, Bayrak S (2019) Relationship between pulp tooth area ratio and chronological age using cone-beam computed tomography images. J Forensic Sci 64:1096\u20131099","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1262","volume":"7","author":"AK Patnana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patnana AK, Vabbalareddy RS, Vanga NRV (2014) Evaluating the reliability of three different dental age estimation methods in Visakhapatnam children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 7:186","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"3394_CR21","first-page":"100312","volume":"7","author":"B Olaotse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olaotse B, Norma PG, Kaone P-M et al (2023) Evaluation of the suitability of the Greulich and Pyle atlas in estimating age for the Botswana population using hand and wrist radiographs of young Botswana population. Forensic Sci International: Rep 7:100312","journal-title":"Forensic Sci International: Rep"},{"key":"3394_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01755.x","volume":"56","author":"O Miloglu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miloglu O, Celikoglu M, Dane A et al (2011) Is the assessment of dental age by the Nolla method valid for Eastern Turkish children? J Forensic Sci 56:1025\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01755.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s LF, M\u00f3nico LSM, Tom\u00e1s I et al (2014) The accuracy of estimating chronological age from Demirjian and Nolla methods in a Portuguese and Spanish sample. BMC Oral Health 14:160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-160","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-160"},{"key":"3394_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104875","volume":"118","author":"M Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han M, Jia S, Wang C-X et al (2020) Accuracy of the Demirjian, Willems and Nolla methods for dental age estimation in a northern Chinese population. Arch Oral Biol 118:104875","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"3394_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.22.3.089-096.oar","volume":"22","author":"RM Lecca-Morales","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lecca-Morales RM, Carruitero MJ (2017) Relationship between dental calcification and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample. Dent Press J Orthod 22:89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2177-6709.22.3.089-096.oar","journal-title":"Dent Press J Orthod"},{"key":"3394_CR26","volume-title":"Concordances and correlations between Chronological, Dental and Bone Ages: A retrospective study in French individuals","author":"A Brotons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brotons A, Remy F, Foti B, Philip-Alliez C (2021) Concordances and correlations between Chronological, Dental and Bone Ages: A Retrospective Study in French individuals. Forensic Sci Int 331:111150"},{"key":"3394_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4103\/jfo.jfds_90_19","volume":"11","author":"H Pandey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pandey H, Tripathi V, Pathak H et al (2019) Age estimation and comparison by dental and skeletal maturity in the age range of 9\u201318 years in the Mumbai region. J Forensic Dent Sci 11:142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfo.jfds_90_19","journal-title":"J Forensic Dent Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR28","unstructured":"Schoonjans F (2024) MedCalc Statistical Software version 23.0.9. https:\/\/www.medcale.org (assessed on 14 May 2024)"},{"key":"3394_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7 A, \u00d6zlek E, \u00d6ner Talma\u00e7 AG (2021) Accuracy of the London atlas, Willems, and Nolla methods for dental age estimation: a cross-sectional study on Eastern Turkish children. Clin Oral Investig 25:4833\u20134840","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03788-w"},{"key":"3394_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alqadi MA, Abuaffa AH (2019) Validity of the demirjian and fishman methods for predicting chronological age amongst Yemenichildren. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 19:e26\u2013e31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.01.006","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.01.006"},{"key":"3394_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14295\/bds.2020.v23i3.1976","volume":"23","author":"MA Alqadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqadi MA, Abuaffan AH (2020) The reliability of Fishman and Nolla methods in prediction of chronological age of Yemeni children. Braz Dent Sci 23:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14295\/bds.2020.v23i3.1976","journal-title":"Braz Dent Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.136170","volume":"5","author":"RB Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed RB, Kalyan VS, Tircouveluri S et al (2014) The reliability of Fishman method of skeletal maturation for age estimation in children of South Indian population. J Nat Sci Biol Med 5:297","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"3394_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10021-1202","volume":"47","author":"K Sachan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sachan K, Sharma VP, Tandon P et al (2013) To establish the Validity of Dental Age Assessment using Nolla\u2019s method on comparing with skeletal age assessed by Hand-Wrist Radiographs. J Indian Orthod Soc 47:438\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10021-1202","journal-title":"J Indian Orthod Soc"},{"key":"3394_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5114\/jos.2021.106540","volume":"74","author":"CP Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira CP, Rodrigues A, Augusto D et al (2021) Forensic age estimation using New models of Mathematical Regression Formula constructed with molar indexes: Dental Age Assessment. J Stomatology 74:95\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/jos.2021.106540","journal-title":"J Stomatology"},{"key":"3394_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2018.1510137","volume":"77","author":"S G\u00fcnen Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00fcnen Y\u0131lmaz S, Harorl\u0131 A, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 M, Bayrakdar \u0130\u015e (2019) Evaluation of the relationship between the Demirjian and Nolla methods and the pubertal growth spurt stage predicted by skeletal maturation indicators in Turkish children aged 10\u201315: investigation study. Acta Odontol Scand 77:107\u2013113","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"3394_CR36","unstructured":"Nolla CM (1960) The development of the Permanent Teeth. J Dent Child 27:254\u2013266"},{"key":"3394_CR37","volume-title":"RA language and environment for statistical computing","author":"RC Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"Team RC (2020) RA language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical, Computing"},{"key":"3394_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v103.i01","volume":"103","author":"V Arel-Bundock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arel-Bundock V (2022) Modelsummary: data and Model summaries in R. J Stat Softw 103:1\u201323","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3394_CR39","unstructured":"Hamner B, Frasco M, LeDell E (2018) Metrics: evaluation metrics for machine learning. R Package Version 0.1.4:2018"},{"key":"3394_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"FE Harrell Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr (2016) Rms: regression modeling strategies. R Package Version 5:1\u2013263","journal-title":"R Package Version"},{"key":"3394_CR41","unstructured":"Lehnert B (2015) BlandAltmanLeh: plots (slightly extended) bland-Altman plots. R Package Version 0.3.1"},{"key":"3394_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2021-053","volume":"13","author":"DD Sjoberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sjoberg DD, Whiting K, Curry M et al (2021) Reproducible summary tables with the gtsummary package. R J 13:570\u2013580","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"3394_CR43","unstructured":"Revelle W (2020) Psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. R Package Version 2. 1. 9 [Computer software]. Northwestern University"},{"key":"3394_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 22:276\u2013282","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"3394_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"3394_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_698_17","volume":"30","author":"S Bhadana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhadana S, Indushekar KR, Saraf BG et al (2019) Comparative assessment of chronological, dental, and skeletal age in children. Indian J Dent Res 30:687\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_698_17","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"3394_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.044","volume":"284","author":"LJ Lopes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopes LJ, Nascimento HAR, Lima GP et al (2018) Dental age assessment: which is the most applicable method? Forensic Sci Int 284:97\u2013100","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03011-3","volume":"137","author":"CP Pereira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira CP, Santos R, Nushi V et al (2023) Dental age assessment: scoring systems and models from the past until the present\u2014how is it presented in the court? Int J Legal Med 137:1497\u20131504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03011-3","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3394_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03216-0","volume":"138","author":"CP Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira CP, Rodrigues A, Augusto D et al (2024) Dental age assessment and dental scoring systems: combined different statistical methods. Int J Legal Med 138:1533\u20131557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03216-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3394_CR50","unstructured":"Gilsanz V, Ratib O (2005) Hand bone age: a digital atlas of skeletal maturity. Berlin:Springer 1:pp. 54\u201389"},{"key":"3394_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JFS2004211","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004211","volume":"49","author":"N Chaillet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chaillet N, Nystr\u00f6m M, Kataja M, Demirjian A (2004) Dental maturity curves in Finnish children: Demirjian\u2019s method revisited and polynomial functions for age estimation. J Forensic Sci 49:JFS2004211\u2013JFS2004218","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.07.037","volume":"134","author":"BM Soegiharto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soegiharto BM, Cunningham SJ, Moles DR (2008) Skeletal maturation in Indonesian and white children assessed with hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 134:217\u2013226","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"3394_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01238.x","volume":"55","author":"M Legovi\u0107","year":"2010","unstructured":"Legovi\u0107 M, Sasso A, Legovi\u0107 I et al (2010) The reliability of chronological age determination by means of mandibular third molar development in subjects in Croatia. J Forensic Sci 55:14\u201318","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR54","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"CM Ar\u00e9valo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ar\u00e9valo CM, Infante C (2001) An\u00e1lisis y comparaci\u00f3n de cuatro m\u00e9todos radiogr\u00e1ficos para determinar la edad dental (maduraci\u00f3n dental) en dientes permanentes. Inter J Dent Anthropol 2:9\u201315","journal-title":"Inter J Dent Anthropol"},{"key":"3394_CR55","unstructured":"Sokal RR (1995) The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Biometry 451\u2013554"},{"key":"3394_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.019","volume":"159","author":"M Maber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maber M, Liversidge HM, Hector MP (2006) Accuracy of age estimation of radiographic methods using developing teeth. Forensic Sci Int 159:S68\u2013S73","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR57","first-page":"15","volume":"15","author":"J Thorson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thorson J, H\u00e4gg U (1991) The accuracy and precision of the third mandibular molar as an indicator of chronological age. Swed Dent J 15:15\u201322","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"3394_CR58","first-page":"202","volume":"57","author":"EA Fanning","year":"1961","unstructured":"Fanning EA (1961) A longitudinal study of tooth formation and root resorption. NZ Dent J 57:202\u2013217","journal-title":"NZ Dent J"},{"key":"3394_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572007000200005","volume":"15","author":"LM Kurita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kurita LM, Menezes AV, Casanova MS, Haiter-Neto F (2007) Dental maturity as an indicator of chronological age: radiographic assessment of dental age in a Brazilian population. J Appl Oral Sci 15:99\u2013104","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12116","volume":"7","author":"R Kumaresan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumaresan R, Cugati N, Chandrasekaran B, Karthikeyan P (2016) Reliability and validity of five radiographic dental-age estimation methods in a population of Malaysian children. J Investig Clin Dent 7:102\u2013109","journal-title":"J Investig Clin Dent"},{"key":"3394_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.6.703","volume":"19","author":"EA Holtgrave","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holtgrave EA, Kretschmer R, M\u00fcller R (1997) Acceleration in dental development: fact or fiction. Eur J Orthod 19:703\u2013710","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3394_CR62","first-page":"181","volume":"4","author":"JA Freitas","year":"1970","unstructured":"Freitas JA, Tavano O, Alvares LC, Lopes ES (1970) Forensic use of chronological tooth eruption tables. Estomatol Cult 4:181\u2013200","journal-title":"Estomatol Cult"},{"key":"3394_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2019.08.009","volume":"17","author":"V Mollabashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mollabashi V, Yousefi F, Gharebabaei L, Amini P (2019) The relation between dental age and cervical vertebral maturation in orthodontic patients aged 8 to 16 years: a cross-sectional study. Int Orthod 17:710\u2013718","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"key":"3394_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummaudo M, De Angelis D, De Micco F et al (2021) The forensic paradox of aging unaccompanied minors in the migration crisis: why medicine and forensics are a must. J Forensic Leg Med 79:102133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102133"},{"key":"3394_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2020.1789220","volume":"54","author":"F De Micco","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Micco F, Martino F, Campobasso C, Pietro (2022) Ethical issues in age assessment by the third molar development. Australian J Forensic Sci 54:88\u201399","journal-title":"Australian J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1058","volume":"3","author":"K Chaudhry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudhry K, Agarwal A, Rehani U (2010) Interrelationship among dental, skeletal and chronological ages in urban and rural female children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 3:79","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"3394_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.162084","volume":"142","author":"S Moirangthem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moirangthem S, Kumar NC, Math SB (2015) Child sexual abuse: issues & concerns. Indian J Med Res 142:1\u20133","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"3394_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51433","volume":"6","author":"A Bagherpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bagherpour A, Pousti M, Adelianfar E (2014) Hand skeletal maturity and its correlation with mandibular dental development. J Clin Exp Dent 6:e275","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"3394_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00034-6","volume":"94","author":"S Koshy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koshy S, Tandon S (1998) Dental age assessment: the applicability of Demirjian\u2019s method in south Indian children. Forensic Sci Int 94:73\u201385","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358109162293","volume":"39","author":"U H\u00e4gg","year":"1981","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg U, Taranger J (1981) Dental emergence stages and the pubertal growth spurt. Acta Odontol Scand 39:295\u2013306","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"3394_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.013","volume":"221","author":"M Blenkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blenkin M, Taylor J (2012) Age estimation charts for a modern Australian population. Forensic Sci Int 221:106\u2013112","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3394_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JFS2002204","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002204","volume":"48","author":"M Muller-Bolla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muller-Bolla M, Lupi-P\u00e9gurier L, Bolla M et al (2003) Age estimation from teeth in children and adolescents. J Forensic Sci 48:JFS2002204","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02749-y","volume":"136","author":"P Mostad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mostad P, Schmeling A, Tamsen F (2022) Mathematically optimal decisions in forensic age assessment. Int J Legal Med 136:765\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02749-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3394_CR74","unstructured":"Thosar N, Srivastava R, Kulkarni R et al (2020) Comparative evaluation of Chronological age with Dental and Skeletal age estimation methods in children: an observational study. JODRDMIMS 4:47\u201353"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1740391225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03394-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was carried out after approval of the research ethics committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University (Approval Code: FWA00022834, IRB0010038, 36264PR175\/4\/23) and in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Confidentiality of the data was maintained by making a code number for each patient. Any unexpected risks that appeared during the course of the research were cleared to participants and the ethical committee on time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"After receiving the whole details of the study, written informed consent was obtained from the participants\u2019 guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}