{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:08:15Z","timestamp":1784117295003,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Line 2 PSR2022_BATTISTINI_ALESSIO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Line 2 PSR2022_BATTISTINI_ALESSIO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The research upon vital reactions is a hot topic in forensic pathology. However, there are very few studies which focus on the bone tissue and scientific data are currently limited to conventional histopathology. The skin and the muscle are also faster than the bone in the healing process. Therefore, the possibility to establish the timing of skeletal traumatic injury is difficult especially for short survival times (<jats:italic>peri-mortem<\/jats:italic> interval). For these reasons, bone marrow may represent a dynamic and potentially useful substrate for the identification of bone lesion vitality. Furthermore, novel omics techniques such as the untargeted proteomics could really improve the investigation of reliable forensic markers. This study provides the application of proteomics on human bone marrow of traumatized ribs with the purpose to <jats:italic>a)<\/jats:italic> define a significant pattern of vital reaction on broken ribs <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> undamaged ones; <jats:italic>b)<\/jats:italic> evaluate the proteomic changes over different known survival times; <jats:italic>c)<\/jats:italic> assess proteomic differences among resuscitation fractures <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> other types of rib traumas (e.g., vehicle and train crashes, falling from heights). The trauma group significantly (<jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090,001) overexpresses acute-phase inflammatory proteins, different extracellular matrix proteins, and bone-related specific proteins. Noteworthy, some of these proteins show very interesting patterns such as complement C9 which provides the best significant results over time, fibrinogen which statistically increases starting from 4\u00a0h after trauma, and carbonic anhydrase 2 which is linearly overexpressed in the first 12\u00a0h. There are no statistical differences between resuscitation fractures <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> other types of rib blunt injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T02:22:59Z","timestamp":1748571779000},"page":"2593-2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Post-mortem forensic application of proteomics on human ribs: Investigating the phenomenon of vital reaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Galante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7701-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Capitanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Moriggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1892-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mangiavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"D\u2019Ambrosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Battistini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3519_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110029","volume":"305","author":"B Madea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Madea B, Doberentz E, Jackowski C (2019) Vital reactions - An updated overview. Forensic Sci Int 305:110029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110029","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3519_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119648628.ch20","volume-title":"Handbook of forensic medicine","author":"B Madea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madea B, Pollak S, Thierauf-Emberger A, Henn V, Meissner C, Oehmichen M, Leth P (2022) Mechanical trauma and classification of wounds. In: Madea B (ed) Handbook of forensic medicine, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 375\u2013409","edition":"2"},{"key":"3519_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galante N, Bedeschi MF, Beltrami B, Bailo P, Silva Palomino LA, Piccinini A (2024) Reviewing hereditary connective tissue disorders: Proposals of harmonic medicolegal assessments. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03290-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03290-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"3519_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1146-x","volume":"129","author":"C Lardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lardi C, Egger C, Larribau R, Niquille M, Mangin P, Fracasso T (2015) Traumatic injuries after mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (LUCAS2): a forensic autopsy study. Int J Legal Med 129(5):1035\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-015-1146-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3519_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2006.11.008","volume":"9","author":"Y Hashimoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hashimoto Y, Moriya F, Furumiya J (2007) Forensic aspects of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Leg Med (Tokyo) 9(2):94\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2006.11.008","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3519_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77997-3","volume-title":"Forensic histopathology - fundamentals and perspectives","author":"RB Dettmeyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dettmeyer RB (2018) Vitality, injury age, determination of skin wound age and fracture age. Forensic histopathology - fundamentals and perspectives, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 255\u2013258","edition":"2"},{"issue":"5","key":"3519_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12818","volume":"60","author":"M Pechn\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pechn\u00edkov\u00e1 M, Mazzarelli D, Poppa P, Gibelli D, Scossa Baggi E, Cattaneo C (2015) Microscopic pattern of bone fractures as an indicator of blast trauma: a pilot study. J Forensic Sci 60(5):1140\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12818","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3519_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.06.014","volume":"302","author":"A Cappella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cappella A, Cattaneo C (2019) Exiting the limbo of perimortem trauma: A brief review of microscopic markers of hemorrhaging and early healing signs in bone. Forensic Sci Int 302:109856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.06.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3519_CR9","unstructured":"Sheen JR, Mabrouk A, Garla VV (2023) Fracture healing overview. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing,\u00a0Treasure Island"},{"issue":"6","key":"3519_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","volume":"42","author":"R Marsell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsell R, Einhorn TA (2011) The biology of fracture healing. Injury 42(6):551\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c15d74","volume":"31","author":"C Cattaneo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cattaneo C, Andreola S, Marinelli E, Poppa P, Porta D, Grandi M (2010) The detection of microscopic markers of hemorrhaging and wound age on dry bone: a pilot study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 31(1):22\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c15d74","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3519_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822572","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.822572","volume":"27","author":"Y Ishida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Kondo T (2022) Bone marrow-derived cells and wound age estimation. Front Med (Lausanne) 27(9):822572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.822572","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"3519_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.004","volume":"203","author":"T Kondo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kondo T, Ishida Y (2010) Molecular pathology of wound healing. Forensic Sci Int 203(1\u20133):93\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3519_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1322","volume":"6","author":"JR Wi\u015bniewski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniewski JR, Zougman A, Nagaraj N, Mann M (2009) Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis. Nat Methods 6(5):359\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.1322","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"3519_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1511","volume":"26","author":"J Cox","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cox J, Mann M (2008) MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification. Nat Biotechnol 26(12):1367\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.1511","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3519_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.031591","volume":"13","author":"J Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox J, Hein MY, Luber CA, Paron I, Nagaraj N, Mann M (2014) Accurate proteome-wide label-free quantification by delayed normalization and maximal peptide ratio extraction, termed MaxLFQ. Mol Cell Proteomics 13(9):2513\u20132526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/mcp.M113.031591","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"3519_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3901","volume":"13","author":"S Tyanova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyanova S, Temu T, Sinitcyn P, Carlson A, Hein MY, Geiger T, Mann M, Cox J (2016) The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data. Nat Methods 13(9):731\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3901","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"W1","key":"3519_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad347","volume":"51","author":"L Kolberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolberg L, Raudvere U, Kuzmin I, Adler P, Vilo J, Peterson H (2023) g:Profiler-interoperable web service for functional enrichment analysis and gene identifier mapping (2023 update). Nucleic Acids Res 51(W1):W207\u2013W212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad347","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3519_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.01.001","volume":"37","author":"Y M\u00f6dinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00f6dinger Y, L\u00f6ffler B, Huber-Lang M, Ignatius A (2018) Complement involvement in bone homeostasis and bone disorders. Semin Immunol 37:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2018.01.001","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.01.020","volume":"218","author":"P Schoengraf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schoengraf P, Lambris JD, Recknagel S, Kreja L, Liedert A, Brenner RE, Huber-Lang M, Ignatius A (2013) Does complement play a role in bone development and regeneration? Immunobiology 218(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.01.020","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"3519_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.004","volume":"111","author":"DM Vasconcelos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vasconcelos DM, Gon\u00e7alves RM, Almeida CR, Pereira IO, Oliveira MI, Neves N, Silva AM, Ribeiro AC, Cunha C, Almeida AR, Ribeiro CC, Gil AM, Seebach E, Kynast KL, Richter W, Lamghari M, Santos SG, Barbosa MA (2016) Fibrinogen scaffolds with immunomodulatory properties promote in vivo bone regeneration. Biomaterials 111:163\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"3519_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.5.1740.bloodjournal8651740","volume":"86","author":"G Klein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Klein G, M\u00fcller CA, Tillet E, Chu ML, Timpl R (1995) Collagen type VI in the human bone marrow microenvironment: a strong cytoadhesive component. Blood 86(5):1740\u20131748","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7258(96)00198-2","volume":"74","author":"S Lindskog","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindskog S (1997) Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase. Pharmacol Ther 74(1):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0163-7258(96)00198-2","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3519_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199309000-00007","volume":"294","author":"MP Whyte","year":"1993","unstructured":"Whyte MP (1993) Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency. Clin Orthop Relat Res 294:52\u201363","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3519_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1804","volume":"89","author":"DE Roth","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roth DE, Venta PJ, Tashian RE, Sly WS (1992) Molecular basis of human carbonic anhydrase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(5):1804\u20131808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1804","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"3519_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.02.009","volume":"40","author":"A Bhargava","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhargava A, Vagela M, Lennox CM (2009) \u201cChallenges in the management of fractures in osteopetrosis\u201d! Review of literature and technical tips learned from long-term management of seven patients. Injury 40(11):1167\u20131171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2009.02.009","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"22","key":"3519_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112234200","volume":"277","author":"M Szweras","year":"2002","unstructured":"Szweras M, Liu D, Partridge EA, Pawling J, Sukhu B, Clokie C, Jahnen-Dechent W, Tenenbaum HC, Swallow CJ, Grynpas MD, Dennis JW (2002) alpha 2-HS glycoprotein\/fetuin, a transforming growth factor-beta\/bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, regulates postnatal bone growth and remodeling. J Biol Chem 277(22):19991\u201319997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M112234200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"3519_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9037","volume":"249","author":"OA Adebanjo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adebanjo OA, Moonga BS, Haddad JG, Huang CL, Zaidi M (1998) A possible new role for vitamin D-binding protein in osteoclast control: inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ sensing at low physiological concentrations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 249(3):668\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9037","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32520-9","volume":"13","author":"L Toma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toma L, Vignali G, Maffioli E, Tambuzzi S, Giaccari R, Mattarozzi M, Nonnis S, Milioli M, Franceschetti L, Paredi G, Negri A, Riccardi B, Cattaneo C, Careri M, Tedeschi G, Bruno S (2023) Mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategy for ecchymotic skin examination in forensic pathology. Sci Rep 13(1):6116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32520-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)02118-x","volume":"87","author":"N Tabata","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tabata N, Morita M (1997) Immunohistochemical demonstration of bleeding in decomposed bodies by using anti-glycophorin A monoclonal antibody. Forensic Sci Int 87(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)02118-x","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3519_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102228","volume":"82","author":"GDL Crudele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crudele GDL, Galante N, Fociani P, Del Gobbo A, Tambuzzi S, Gentile G, Zoja R (2021) The forensic application of the Glycophorin A on the Amussat\u2019s sign with a brief review of the literature. J Forensic Leg Med 82:102228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102228","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3519_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1725-0","volume":"132","author":"Y Ishida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Kuninaka Y, Furukawa F, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Fukami M, Yamamoto H, Kato T, Shimada E, Hata S, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, Kondo T (2018) Immunohistochemical analysis on aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-3 in skin wounds from the aspects of wound age determination. Int J Legal Med 132(1):237\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1725-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3519_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2023.102249","volume":"63","author":"Y Ishida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Ishigami A, Kondo T (2023) Forensic application of aquaporins. Leg Med (Tokyo) 63:102249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2023.102249","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3519_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0505-x","volume":"124","author":"R Cecchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cecchi R (2010) Estimating wound age: looking into the future. Int J Legal Med 124(6):523\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-010-0505-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T16:18:36Z","timestamp":1757175516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03519-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed from data from human bodies. This article does not contain any studies with (living) human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The subject involved in this study underwent a judicial autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Milan in order to identify the cause of death. Data collecting, sampling and subsequent forensic analysis were authorized by the public prosecutor. Therefore, data were acquired as part of a forensic judicial investigation and in accordance with Italian Police Mortuary Regulation. Publication of data is allowed when the cases have been closed, but the anonymity of the subject must be guaranteed. All the study was also conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}