{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:22:50Z","timestamp":1788225770791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Xylazine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist approved for veterinary use, has emerged as a significant adulterant in illicit drugs, particularly synthetic opioids like fentanyl, contributing to a rise in fatal overdoses. Despite its widespread abuse in the United States and other regions, data on xylazine prevalence in T\u00fcrkiye remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for detecting xylazine and its metabolites, 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA) and 4-hydroxyxylazine, in human blood and urine samples. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample preparation and the method demonstrated high sensitivity with limits of detection of 0.025\u20130.06 and 0.068 0.19 ng\/mL for xylazine and its metabolites in blood and urine, respectively. Between January and December 2024, 9,123 biological samples from suspected drug users in Ankara were analyzed for xylazine and its metabolites. Xylazine was detected in 28 cases (0.3%). While 4-hydroxyxylazine was detected in 78% of positive cases, DMA was detected in 25% of positive cases. Polysubstance use was common, with pregabalin (50%) and methamphetamine (28%) being the most frequently co-detected substances. This study represents the first report of xylazine abuse in T\u00fcrkiye, highlighting its emergence in the local drug supply. The findings underscore the need for routine xylazine screening in forensic toxicology to monitor its prevalence and mitigate its impact as an emerging public health threat. The developed LC-HRMS method offers a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for detecting xylazine and its metabolites, supporting efforts to address this growing concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T01:02:40Z","timestamp":1751677360000},"page":"2695-2705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The first report from Ankara on the presence of xylazine abuse in blood and urine samples using a validated LC-HRMS method"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Yeter","family":"Erol \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oya","family":"Yeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u0131z\u0131r","family":"Asl\u0131y\u00fcksek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Oztuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sermet","family":"Sezigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6ksun","family":"Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3562_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001264","volume":"18","author":"M Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan M, Nassau T, Kuncio D et al (2024) Xylazine use among people who inject drugs, Philadelphia 2022. J Addict Med 18:194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001264","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"3562_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001396","author":"C Trammel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trammel C, Azimi V, Crews B et al (2024) Xylazine positivity in Opioid-Positive drug screens on an inpatient labor unit. J Addict Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001396","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"3562_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae163","author":"Y Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Y, Farnsworth CW, Azimi V, Liss DB, Mullins ME, Crews BO (2024) Xylazine pharmacokinetics in patients testing positive for Fentanyl and xylazine. Clin Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae163","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3562_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2350630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50630","volume":"7","author":"M Cano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cano M, Daniulaityte R, Marsiglia F (2024) Xylazine in overdose deaths and forensic drug reports in US states, 2019\u20132022. JAMA Netw Open 7:e2350630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50630","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3562_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11121012","volume":"11","author":"T Mai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mai T, Zhang Y, Zhao S (2023) Xylazine poisoning in clinical and forensic practice: analysis method, characteristics, mechanism and future challenges. Toxics 11:1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11121012","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"3562_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36864","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36864","volume":"15","author":"S Ayub","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayub S, Parnia S, Poddar K et al (2023) Xylazine in the opioid epidemic: A systematic review of case reports and clinical implications. Cureus 15:e36864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36864","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3562_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2303120","volume":"388","author":"R Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta R, Holtgrave DR, Ashburn MA (2023) Xylazine - Medical and public health imperatives. N Engl J Med 388:2209\u20132212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2303120","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3562_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2159427","volume":"61","author":"JS Love","year":"2023","unstructured":"Love JS, Levine M, Aldy K et al (2023) Opioid overdoses involving xylazine in emergency department patients: a multicenter study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 61:173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2022.2159427","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"3562_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13365","volume":"32","author":"J Sibbesen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sibbesen J, Abate MA, Dai Z et al (2023) Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in West Virginia-Xylazine-related deaths. Am J Addict 32:309\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13365","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"3562_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.015","volume":"240","author":"K Ruiz-Col\u00f3n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruiz-Col\u00f3n K, Chavez-Arias C, D\u00edaz-Alcal\u00e1 JE, Mart\u00ednez MA (2014) Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: A comprehensive review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 240:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3562_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119826","volume":"561","author":"A Di Trana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Trana A, Di Giorgi A, Carlier J, Serra F, Busard\u00f2 FP, Pichini S (2024) Tranq-dope: the first fatal intoxication due to xylazine-adulterated heroin in Italy. Clin Chim Acta 561:119826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119826","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3562_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7337","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202308_33305","volume":"27","author":"S Malaca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malaca S, Pesaresi M, Kapoor A, Berretta P, Busard\u00f2 FP, Pirani F (2023) Pharmacology and toxicology of xylazine: quid novum? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 27:7337\u20137345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202308_33305","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"3562_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.09.051","volume":"51","author":"MB Forrester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forrester MB (2016) Xylazine exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Emerg Med 51:389\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.09.051","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3562_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102780","volume":"108","author":"LA Silva-Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva-Torres LA, Mozayani A (2024) Xylazine abuse, the growing risk: A review of its effects, upsurge use and associated fatalities in the USA and Puerto Rico. J Forensic Leg Med 108:102780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102780","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3562_CR15","volume-title":"Xylazine toxicity","author":"BN Papudesi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papudesi BN, Malayala SV, Regina AC (2023) Xylazine toxicity. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"3562_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280289","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1280289","volume":"14","author":"MA Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith MA, Biancorosso SL, Camp JD et al (2023) Tranq-dope overdose and mortality: lethality induced by Fentanyl and xylazine. Front Pharmacol 14:1280289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1280289","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3562_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380","volume":"233","author":"J Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P et al (2022) Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis. Drug Alcohol Depend 233:109380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3562_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102542","volume":"97","author":"KL Rock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rock KL, Lawson AJ, Duffy J, Mellor A, Treble R, Copeland CS (2023) The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe. J Forensic Leg Med 97:102542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102542","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3562_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043968","volume":"27","author":"J Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson J, Pizzicato L, Johnson C, Viner K (2021) Increasing presence of xylazine in heroin and\/or Fentanyl deaths, philadelphia, pennsylvania, 2010\u20132019. Inj Prev 27:395\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043968","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"3562_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac049","volume":"46","author":"SL Kacinko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kacinko SL, Mohr ALA, Logan BK, Barbieri EJ (2022) Xylazine: Pharmacology review and prevalence and drug combinations in forensic toxicology casework. J Anal Toxicol 46:911\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac049","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"3562_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_22","volume":"23","author":"LK Choon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choon LK, Khiruddin AI, Annuar WMW, Shamsuddin SR (2023) A case series of accidental xylazine intoxication in humans; is there a role of Naloxone as an antidote? Turk J Emerg Med 23:119\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_22","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3562_CR22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press"},{"key":"3562_CR23","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024) Current NPS Threats Volume VII. United Nations. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/Current_NPS_threats_VII.pdf"},{"key":"3562_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.07.010","volume":"521","author":"WR Korn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korn WR, Stone MD, Haviland KL, Toohey JM, Stickle DF (2021) High prevalence of xylazine among Fentanyl screen-positive urines from hospitalized patients, philadelphia, 2021. Clin Chim Acta 521:151\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2021.07.010","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3562_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv040","volume":"39","author":"X Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao X, Guo H, Du Y, Gu C (2015) Simultaneous determination of xylazine and 2,6-Xylidine in blood and urine by auto Solid-Phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Time of flight mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 39:444\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkv040","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"3562_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36735","volume":"10","author":"R Magny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magny R, Beauxis Y, Genta-Jouve G, Bourgogne E (2024) Application of a molecular networking approach using LC-HRMS combined with the MetWork webserver for clinical and forensic toxicology. Heliyon 10:e36735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36735","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"3562_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.05.025","volume":"962","author":"RL Shaner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaner RL, Kaplan P, Hamelin EI, Bragg WA, Johnson RC (2014) Comparison of two automated solid phase extractions for the detection of ten Fentanyl analogs and metabolites in human urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 962:52\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.05.025","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"3562_CR28","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2018) https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/bioanalytical-method-validation"},{"key":"3562_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt054","volume":"37","author":"Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (2013) Scientific working group for forensic toxicology (SWGTOX) standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology. J Anal Toxicol 37:452\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkt054","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"3562_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s","volume":"75","author":"BK Matuszewski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matuszewski BK, Constanzer ML, Chavez-Eng CM (2003) Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS\/MS. Anal Chem 75:3019\u20133030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac020361s","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"3562_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15353","volume":"68","author":"G Cooper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cooper G (2023) The rise and rise of Fentanyl in postmortem casework. J Forensic Sci 68(5):1675\u20131685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15353","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3562_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00546-9","volume":"18","author":"JM Bowles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowles JM, McDonald K, Maghsoudi N et al (2021) Xylazine detected in unregulated opioids and drug administration equipment in toronto, canada: clinical and social implications. Harm Reduct J 18:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-021-00546-9","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"3562_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Debnath R, Chawla PA (2023) Xylazine addiction turning humans to zombies: fact or myth? Healt Sci Rev 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hsr.2023.100132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsr.2023.100132"},{"key":"3562_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.115082","volume":"222","author":"BP Dos Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dos Santos BP, Eller S, Borges GR et al (2023) A multi-analyte LC-MS\/MS method for the determination of 57 pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in plasma, and its application to poisoning cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 222:115082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.115082","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"3562_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21525","volume":"37","author":"F Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez F, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Emke E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Ort C, Reid M, Sancho JV, Thomas KV, van Nuijs ALN, Zuccato E, Bijlsma L (2018) Mass spectrometric strategies for the investigation of biomarkers of illicit drug use in wastewater. Mass Spectrom Rev 37:258\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mas.21525","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"3562_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0303-6","volume":"30","author":"O Schjerning","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schjerning O, Rosenzweig M, Potteg\u00e5rd A, Damkier P, Nielsen J (2016) Abuse potential of pregabalin: A systematic review. CNS Drugs 30:9\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-015-0303-6","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"3562_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1578-9","volume":"69","author":"M Grosshans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grosshans M, Lemenager T, Vollmert C, Kaemmerer N, Schreiner R, Mutschler J, Wagner X, Kiefer F, Hermann D (2013) Pregabalin abuse among opiate addicted patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69:2021\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-013-1578-9","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"3562_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2024.2013359.4034","volume":"15","author":"S Shokrollahi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shokrollahi S, Mohammadi R, Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei F, Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Hashemi-Asl SM (2024) Clinical and echocardiographic evaluations of sedative and cardiovascular effects of combination of xylazine-acepromazine versus xylazine-pregabalin in horses. Vet Res Forum 15:291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30466\/vrf.2024.2013359.4034","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"3562_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16466","volume":"119","author":"CS Copeland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Copeland CS, Rice K, Rock KL, Hudson S, Streete P, Lawson AJ et al (2024) Broad evidence of xylazine in the UK illicit drug market beyond heroin supplies: triangulating from toxicology, drug-testing and law enforcement. Addiction 119:1301\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16466","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:37:37Z","timestamp":1760665057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03562-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted with the approval of the Forensic Medicine Council Scientific Board of the Ministry of Justice Scientific Turkey (approval number: 1589509\/2024\/691). All procedures performed in this study were by the ethical standards of the national committee and the Helsinki Declaration of 1964. The collection of biological fluids (blood and urine) from suspected drug users was carried out by the judicial authorities. The samples were sent to the Forensic Medicine Council for analysis at their request. Blank blood samples were obtained from a regional blood center and blank urine samples were collected from healthy, non-drug users.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}