{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:09:30Z","timestamp":1791227370934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:44:08Z","timestamp":1763127848000},"page":"695-711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An investigation into the background levels of DNA and saliva typically detectable on penises"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7354-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara","family":"Woollacott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland A.H.","family":"van Oorschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Goray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1355-0306(97)72154-3","volume":"37","author":"JE Allard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allard JE (1997) The collection of data from findings in cases of sexual assault and the significance of spermatozoa on vaginal, anal and oral swabs. Sci Justice 37(2):99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1355-0306(97)72154-3","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"3654_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365674","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/365674","volume":"2015","author":"T Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es T, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Silva B, Corte-Real F (2015) Nuno Vieira, biological evidence management for DNA analysis in cases of sexual assault. Sci World 2015:365674\u2013365611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/365674","journal-title":"Sci World"},{"key":"3654_CR3","unstructured":"Ladd M, Seda J (2023) Sexual assault evidence collection"},{"key":"3654_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15539","author":"L Flanagan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flanagan L, Murphy C, Savage P, Breathnach M, Ryan J (2024) The importance of male underwear in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Forensic Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15539","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(82)90040-8","volume":"19","author":"GM Willott","year":"1982","unstructured":"Willott GM, Allard JE (1982) Spermatozoa \u2014 their persistence after sexual intercourse. Forensic Sci Int 19(2):135\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(82)90040-8","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3654_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13179","volume":"10","author":"S K\u00f6lle","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00f6lle S (2022) Sperm-oviduct interactions: key factors for sperm survival and maintenance of sperm fertilizing capacity. Andrology 10(5):837\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.13179","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"3654_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.12.003","volume":"33","author":"PP Albani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albani PP, Patel J, Fleming RI (2018) Background levels of male DNA in the vaginal cavity. Forensic Sci Int Genet 33:110\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.12.003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3205-8","volume":"18","author":"P Tozzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tozzo P, Ponzano E, Spigarolo G, Nespeca P, Caenazzo L (2018) Collecting sexual assault history and forensic evidence from adult women in the emergency department: a retrospective study. BMC Health Serv Res 18(1):383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3205-8","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.194","volume":"76","author":"R Campbell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Campbell R, Greeson MR, Bybee D, Raja S (2008) The co-occurrence of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and sexual harassment: a mediational model of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol 76(2):194\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.194","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3654_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Melton HC (2024) Research on intimate partner sexual assault using previously unsubmitted sexual assault kits. Women Crim Just 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2024.2331808","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2024.2331808"},{"issue":"5","key":"3654_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000374","volume":"11","author":"ER Dworkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dworkin ER, Krah\u00e9 B, Zinzow H (2021) The global prevalence of sexual assault: a systematic review of international research since 2010. Psychol Violence 11(5):497\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000374","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90123-0","volume":"43","author":"SM Keating","year":"1989","unstructured":"Keating SM (1989) Information from penile swabs in sexual assault cases. Forensic Sci Int 43(1):63\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90123-0","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"3654_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.02.029","volume":"19","author":"RKBP Farmen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farmen RKBP, Haukeli IB, Ruoff PP, Fr\u00f8yland ESM (2012) Assessing the presence of female DNA on post-coital penile swabs: relevance to the investigation of sexual assault. J Forensic Leg Med 19(7):386\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.02.029","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3654_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.102153","volume":"43","author":"AE Fonnel\u00f8p","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonnel\u00f8p AE, Johannessen H, Heen G, Molland K, Gill P (2019) A retrospective study on the transfer, persistence and recovery of sperm and epithelial cells in samples collected in sexual assault casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 43:102153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.102153","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3654_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.05.003","volume":"14","author":"K Kaarstad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaarstad K, Rohde M, Larsen J, Eriksen B, Thomsen JL (2007) The detection of female DNA from the penis in sexual assault cases. J Forensic Leg Med 14(3):159\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.05.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(94)72889-9","volume":"34","author":"SM Keating","year":"1994","unstructured":"Keating SM, Higgs DF (1994) The detection of amylase on swabs from sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 34(2):89\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0015-7368(94)72889-9","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.29173\/mlj1125","volume":"42","author":"JW Burchill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burchill JW (2019) Persistence and variability of DNA: penile washings and intimate bodily examinations in sex-related offences. Manit Law J 42(4):69\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29173\/mlj1125","journal-title":"Manit Law J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200006000-00001","volume":"21","author":"SJ Cina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cina SJ, Collins KA, Pettenati MJ, Fitts M (2000) Isolation and identification of female DNA on postcoital penile swabs. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21(2):97\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200006000-00001","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3654_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2015.10.004","volume":"56","author":"S Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones S, Scott K, Lewis J, Davidson G, Allard JE, Lowrie C, McBride BM, McKenna L, Teppett G, Rogers C, Clayson N, Baird A (2016) DNA transfer through nonintimate social contact. Sci Justice 56(2):90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2015.10.004","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.06.003","volume":"63","author":"A Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor A, Davidson G, Boyce M, Murphy C, Doole S, Rogers C, Fraser I (2023) Background levels of body fluids and DNA on the shaft of the penis and associated underpants in the absence of sexual activity. Sci Justice 63(4):529\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.06.003","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(92)73089-8","volume":"32","author":"SM Keating","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keating SM, Higgs DF (1992) Oral sex\u2014further information from sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 32(4):327\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0015-7368(92)73089-8","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3654_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12866","volume":"60","author":"M Breathnach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Breathnach M, Moore E (2015) Background levels of salivary-\u03b1-amylase plus foreign DNA in cases of oral intercourse: a female perspective. J Forensic Sci 60(6):1563\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12866","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3654_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-006-0004-z","volume":"2","author":"NJ Port","year":"2006","unstructured":"Port NJ, Bowyer VL, Graham EAM, Batuwangala MS, Rutty GN (2006) How long does it take a static speaking individual to contaminate the immediate environment? Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2(3):157\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-006-0004-z","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2007.10.030","volume":"1","author":"M Finnebraaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finnebraaten M, Gran\u00e9r T, Hoff-Olsen P (2008) May a speaking individual contaminate the routine DNA laboratory? Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser 1(1):421\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigss.2007.10.030","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser"},{"key":"3654_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.03.019","volume":"29","author":"AE Fonnel\u00f8p","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fonnel\u00f8p AE, Ramse M, Egeland T, Gill P (2017) The implications of shedder status and background DNA on direct and secondary transfer in an attack scenario. Forensic Sci Int Genet 29:48\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.03.019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2011.08.111","volume":"3","author":"G Had\u017ei\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Had\u017ei\u0107 G, Lukan A, Drobni\u010d K (2011) Practical value of the marker MUC4 for identification of vaginal secretion in penile swabs. Forensic Sci International: Genet Supplement Ser 3(1):222\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigss.2011.08.111","journal-title":"Forensic Sci International: Genet Supplement Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.029","volume":"229","author":"M Breathnach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Breathnach M, Moore E (2013) Oral intercourse or secondary transfer? A bayesian approach of salivary amylase and foreign DNA findings. Forensic Sci Int 229(1):52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.029","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2006.12.003","volume":"9","author":"BCM Pang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pang BCM, Cheung BKK (2007) Double swab technique for collecting touched evidence. Legal Med (Tokyo Japan) 9(4):181\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2006.12.003","journal-title":"Legal Med (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"3654_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.102199","volume":"44","author":"D Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor D, Kokshoorn B, Hicks T (2020) Structuring cases into propositions, assumptions, and undisputed case information. Forensic Sci Int Genet 44:102199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.102199","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.12.006","volume":"33","author":"D Taylor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taylor D, Biedermann A, Hicks T, Champod C (2018) A template for constructing Bayesian networks in forensic biology cases when considering activity level propositions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 33:136\u2013146","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2024.103122","volume":"73","author":"D Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor D, Volgin L, Kokshoorn B (2024) Accounting for site-to-site DNA transfer on a packaged exhibit in an evaluation given activity level propositions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 73:103122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2024.103122","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3654_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.04.006","volume":"63","author":"A Stroud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stroud A, Gamblin A, Birchall P, Harbison S, Opperman S (2023) A comprehensive study into false positive rates for \u2018other\u2019 biological samples using common presumptive testing methods. Sci Justice 63(3):414\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.04.006","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"3654_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.029","volume":"229","author":"M Breathnach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Breathnach M, Moore E (2013) Oral intercourse or secondary transfer? A bayesian approach of salivary amylase and foreign DNA findings. Forensic Sci Int 229:52\u201359","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3654_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gill P, Fonnel\u00f8p AE, Hicks T, Xenophontos S, Cariolou M, van Oorschot R, Buckel I, Sukser V, Papi\u0107 S, Merka\u0161 S, Kostic A, Pereira AM, Teutsch C, Forsberg C, Haas C, Petkovski E, Hass F, Masek J, Stosic J, Lee YS, Syn CK-C, Groombridge L, Trimborn M, Hadjivassiliou M, Breathnach M, Novackova J, Parson W, Hatzer-Grubwieser P, Pietik\u00e4inen S, Joas S, Willuweit S, Grethe S, Mili\u0107evi\u0107 T, Hasselqvist T, Kallupurackal V, Stenzl V, Jansson S, Glocker I, Brunck S, Nyhagen K, Lingelem ABD, Autere H, Thornbury D, Pedersen N, Fox S, Moore D, Escott G, Petersen CB, Larsen HJ, Giles R, Allen PS, Prieto L, Ramirez E, de Yuso IM, Bastisch I (2025) The ReAct project: analysis of data from 23 different laboratories to characterise DNA recovery given two sets of activity level propositions. Forensic Sci International: Genet 76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103222"},{"key":"3654_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103283","volume":"78","author":"D Taylor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Taylor D, Volgin L, Gill P, Kokshoorn B (2025) Accounting for inter-laboratory DNA recovery data variability when performing evaluations given activities. Forensic Sci Int Genet 103283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103283","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.111944","volume":"355","author":"D Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor D., Kokshoorn B., Champod C. (2024) A practical treatment of sensitivity analyses in activity level evaluations. Forensic Sci Int 355:111944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.111944","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3654_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goray M, van Oorschot RAH (2021) Shedder status: exploring means of determination. Sci Justice 61(4) 391-400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2021.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2021.03.004"},{"key":"3654_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanokwongnuwut P, Martin B, Taylor D, Kirkbride KP, Linacre A (2021) How many cells are required for successful DNA profiling? Forensic science international: genetics 51:102453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102453"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgv014","volume":"14","author":"TR De Wolff","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Wolff TR, Kal AJ, Berger CEH, Kokshoorn B (2015) A probabilistic approach to body fluid typing interpretation: an exploratory study on forensic saliva testing. Law Probab Risk 14(4):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/lpr\/mgv014","journal-title":"Law Probab Risk"},{"key":"3654_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112274","volume":"365","author":"D Ross","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ross D, Taylor D, van Oorschot RAH, Best G, Goray M (2024) Classification of epidermal, buccal, penile and vaginal epithelial cells using morphological characteristics measured by imaging flow cytometry. Forensic Sci Int 365:112274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112274","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"3654_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0916-6","volume":"127","author":"M Poetsch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Poetsch M, Bajanowski T, Kamphausen T (2013) Influence of an individual\u2019s age on the amount and interpretability of DNA left on touched items. Int J Legal Med 127(6):1093\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-013-0916-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3654_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1291-2","volume":"130","author":"P Manoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manoli P, Antoniou A, Bashiardes E, Xenophontos S, Photiades M, Stribley V, Mylona M, Demetriou C, Cariolou MA (2016) Sex-specific age association with primary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 130(1):103\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-015-1291-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3654_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102541","volume":"53","author":"H Johannessen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johannessen H, Gill P, Roseth A, Fonnel\u00f8p AE (2021) Determination of shedder status: a comparison of two methods involving cell counting in fingerprints and the DNA analysis of handheld tubes. Forensic Sci Int Genet 53:102541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102541","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.11.019","volume":"39","author":"J Burrill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burrill J, Daniel B, Frascione N (2019) A review of trace touch DNA deposits: variability factors and an exploration of cellular composition. Forensic Sci Int Genet 39:8\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.11.019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03124-9","author":"L Henry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henry L, Zieger M (2023) Self- and non-self-DNA on hands and sleeve cuffs. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03124-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3654_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.06.011","volume":"42","author":"B Szkuta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szkuta B, Ansell R, Boiso L, Connolly E, Kloosterman AD, Kokshoorn B, McKenna LG, Steensma K, van Oorschot RAH (2019) Assessment of the transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery of DNA traces from clothing: an inter-laboratory study on worn upper garments. Forensic Sci Int Genet 42:56\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.06.011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.10.014","volume":"38","author":"RAH van Oorschot","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Oorschot RAH, Szkuta B, Meakin GE, Kokshoorn B, Goray M (2019) DNA transfer in forensic science: a review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 38:140\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.10.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3654_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.05.001","volume":"63","author":"KJ Sheridan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheridan KJ, Palmer R, Chalton DA, Bacar JN, Beckett J, Bellerby K, Brown L, Donaghy E, Finlayson A, Graham C, Robertson B, Taylor L, Gallidabino MD (2023) A quantitative assessment of the extent and distribution of textile fibre transfer to persons involved in physical assault. Sci Justice 63(4):509\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2023.05.001","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"3654_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.01.006","volume":"28","author":"B Szkuta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Szkuta B, Ballantyne KN, van Oorschot RAH (2017) Transfer and persistence of DNA on the hands and the influence of activities performed. Forensic Sci Int Genet 28:10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.01.006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"3654_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14122153","volume":"14","author":"F Sessa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sessa F, Pomara C, Esposito M, Grassi P, Cocimano G, Salerno M (2023) Indirect DNA transfer and forensic implications: a literature review. Genes 14(12):2153.10.3390\/genes14122153","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"3654_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galea S, Durdle A, van Oorschot RAH (2025) DNA on palmer and dorsal side of hands, and transfer of DNA during a slap and a punch of a face, 30th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics, Santiago de Compostela, 9\u201313 September 2024: proceedings. 2nd Revised and Corrected Edition.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15304\/cc.2025.1869","DOI":"10.15304\/cc.2025.1869"},{"issue":"5","key":"3654_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00800.x","volume":"53","author":"EAM Graham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Graham EAM, Rutty GN (2008) Investigation into normal background DNA on adult necks: implications for DNA profiling of manual strangulation victims. J Forensic Sci 53(5):1074\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00800.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3654_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103367","volume":"81","author":"M Goray","year":"2026","unstructured":"Goray M, Linacre A, van Oorschot RAH, Taylor D, Murton K (2026) Comparison of DNA profiles from samples collected from underneath fingernails and hand deposits following everyday activity. Forensic Sci Int Genet 81:103367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103367","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3654_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci5010009","volume":"5","author":"C Woollacott","year":"2025","unstructured":"Woollacott C, Goray M, van Oorschot RAH, Taylor D (2025) The transfer, prevalence, persistence, and recovery of DNA from body areas in forensic science: a review. Forensic Sciences 5:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/forensicsci5010009","journal-title":"Forensic Sciences"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:01:56Z","timestamp":1772568116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03654-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Flinders University Human Ethics Committee (HREC 6532).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from each individual participant. The participants have further consented to the publication of the data collected and presented within this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and publish"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial conflicts of interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}