{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:37:17Z","timestamp":1793140637228,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:07:29Z","timestamp":1776474449000},"page":"2113-2125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a deep learning-based tool for coronary artery stenosis evaluation in forensic autopsies using whole slide imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pigaiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6309-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakiba","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6810-8031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Garavello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Setti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ausania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Bortolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Chighine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"D\u2019Aloja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Rodegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1800-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Ammendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cristani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5247-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Gobbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02662-1","volume":"476","author":"K Michaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michaud K, Basso C, d\u2019Amati G et al (2020) Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification. Virchows Arch 476:179\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02662-1","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3800_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362118797736","volume":"8","author":"ER Duncanson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duncanson ER, Mackey-Bojack SM (2018) Histologic Examination of the Heart in the Forensic Autopsy. Acad Forensic Pathol 8:565\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1925362118797736","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"3800_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000650","volume":"345","author":"HV Huikuri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ (2001) Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 345:1473\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra000650","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3800_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.09.016","volume":"119","author":"N Luqman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luqman N, Sung RJ, Wang C-L, Kuo C-T (2007) Myocardial ischemia and ventricular fibrillation: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Int J Cardiol 119:283\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.09.016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"3800_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-017-2221-0","volume":"471","author":"C Basso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basso C, Aguilera B, Banner J et al (2017) Guidelines for autopsy investigation of sudden cardiac death: 2017 update from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology. Virchows Arch 471:691\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-017-2221-0","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3800_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871450","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.871450","volume":"9","author":"SH Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee SH, Hong D, Dai N et al (2022) Anatomic and hemodynamic plaque characteristics for subsequent coronary events. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:871450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.871450","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"3800_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(00)00044-2","volume":"9","author":"JC Ford","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ford JC, O\u2019Rourke K, Veinot JP, Walley VM (2000) Histologic estimation of coronary artery stenoses: reproducibility and the effect of training. Cardiovasc Pathol 9:251\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-8807(00)00044-2","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"3800_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14190","volume":"65","author":"M Messner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Messner M, Meyers SE, Kemp WL (2020) A Comparison of Coronary Artery Stenosis Estimates Made by Forensic Pathologists and Medical Students. J Forensic Sci 65:487\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14190","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3800_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2017.05.005","volume":"29","author":"RF Barth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barth RF, Kellough DA, Allenby P et al (2017) Assessment of atherosclerotic luminal narrowing of coronary arteries based on morphometrically generated visual guides. Cardiovasc Pathol 29:53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carpath.2017.05.005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"3800_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109922","volume":"302","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhang J, Huang J et al (2019) Digital whole-slide image analysis for automated diatom test in forensic cases of drowning using a convolutional neural network algorithm. Forensic Sci Int 302:109922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109922","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3800_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017501","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.8.s1.017501","volume":"8","author":"P Toro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toro P, Bera K, Fu P et al (2021) Computational pathology reveals unique spatial patterns of immune response in H&E images from COVID-19 autopsies: preliminary findings. J Med Imaging 8:017501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.jmi.8.s1.017501","journal-title":"J Med Imaging"},{"key":"3800_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03136-5","volume":"138","author":"D Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li D, Zhang J, Guo W et al (2024) A diagnostic strategy for pulmonary fat embolism based on routine H&E staining using computational pathology. Int J Legal Med 138:849\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03136-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3800_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.108949","volume":"270","author":"G An","year":"2025","unstructured":"An G, Gao Y, Cheng S et al (2025) Artificial intelligence in forensic pathology: Multi-organ postmortem pathomics for estimating postmortem interval. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 270:108949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.108949","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"3800_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-024-00834-3","volume":"21","author":"M Benevento","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benevento M, d\u2019Amati A, Nicol\u00ec S et al (2025) Dura mater and survival time determination in individuals who died after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 21:107\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-024-00834-3","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3800_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192115","volume":"14","author":"G D\u2019Abbronzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Abbronzo G, Franco R, Salzillo C et al (2024) Application of Digital Analysis for Assessment of Coronary Sub-Occlusions in Autopsy Pathology: It Is Time to Move beyond Histology Alone. Diagnostics 14:2115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14192115","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3800_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","volume":"7","author":"P Bankhead","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fern\u00e1ndez JA et al (2017) QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep 7:16878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3800_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2024.102203","volume":"105","author":"D Montezuma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montezuma D, Oliveira SP, Tolkach Y et al (2025) Annotation Practices in Computational Pathology: A European Society of Digital and Integrative Pathology (ESDIP) Survey Study. Lab Invest 105:102203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.labinv.2024.102203","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"3800_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7946","author":"H Butler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butler H, Daly M, Doyle A et al (2016) The GeoJSON Format. RFC 7946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC7946","journal-title":"RFC 7946"},{"key":"3800_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N et al (2017) Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762. 30:I","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"3800_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020125","volume":"11","author":"A Buslaev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buslaev A, Iglovikov VI, Khvedchenya E et al (2020) Albumentations: fast and flexible image augmentations. Information 11:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11020125","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"3800_CR21","first-page":"12077","volume":"34","author":"E Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie E, Wang W, Yu Z et al (2021) SegFormer: Simple and efficient design for semantic segmentation with transformers. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 34:12077\u201312090","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"3800_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eigen D, Fergus R (2015) Predicting depth, surface normals and semantic labels with a common multi-scale convolutional architecture. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 2650\u20132658","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.304"},{"key":"3800_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1711.05101","author":"I Loshchilov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loshchilov I, Hutter F (2017) Decoupled weight decay regularization. arXiv preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1711.05101. arXiv:1711.05101","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"3800_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(82)90016-2","volume":"1","author":"J Sklansky","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sklansky J (1982) Finding the convex hull of a simple polygon. Pattern Recognit Lett 1:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-8655(82)90016-2","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"3800_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.04.024","volume":"19","author":"K Dulohery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dulohery K, Papavdi A, Michalodimitrakis M, Kranioti EF (2012) Evaluation of coronary stenosis with the aid of quantitative image analysis in histological cross sections. J Forensic Leg Med 19:485\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.04.024","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3800_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03421-5","volume":"139","author":"N Pigaiani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pigaiani N, Oliva A, Cirielli V et al (2025) iForensic, multicentric validation of digital whole slide images (WSI) in forensic histopathology setting according to the College of American Pathologists guidelines. Int J Legal Med 139:1161\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03421-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3800_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-025-01146-w","author":"L Ambrosi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ambrosi L, Amirante F, Nicol\u00ec S et al (2025) Digital pathology in forensic science: a systematic review of the literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-025-01146-w","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3800_CR28","unstructured":"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/509\/579\/. Accessed 30 Jan 2026"},{"key":"3800_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.006","volume":"79","author":"WC Members","year":"2022","unstructured":"Members WC, Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE et al (2022) 2021 ACC\/AHA\/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 79:e21\u2013e129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3800_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000205","volume":"6","author":"S Jiangping","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiangping S, Zhe Z, Wei W et al (2013) Assessment of coronary artery stenosis by coronary angiography: a head-to-head comparison with pathological coronary artery anatomy. Circulation: Cardiovasc Interventions 6:262\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000205","journal-title":"Circulation: Cardiovasc Interventions"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:02:21Z","timestamp":1781683341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03800-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with animals. Informed consent is unnecessary in this work because only judicial autopsy cases were considered. The report does not contain personal data. In any case, all data are covered by the Italian Law \u2013 Data Protection Authority (Official Gazette no. 72 of March 26, 2012) for scientific research purposes as well as GDPR nr 679\/2016 and 9\/2016, and law addition number 424\/19 July 2018. In all cases, investigation and autopsy were claimed by local attorneys, and our involvement was requested to clarify the cause and manner of death.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence or bias the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}