{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T18:24:35Z","timestamp":1787423075711,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HD089922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD089922"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:58:48Z","timestamp":1779152328000},"page":"3405-3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical findings in young patients with head trauma: How strong is the evidence for abuse?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1422-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent P.","family":"Hymel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4634-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan","family":"Sjerps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vergeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.7.621","volume":"281","author":"C Jenny","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, Reinert SE, Hay T (1999) Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA 281:621\u2013626","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3831_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.09.001","volume":"60","author":"MM Letson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Letson MM, Cooper JN, Deans KJ et al (2016) Prior opportunities to identify abuse in children with abusive head trauma. Child Abuse Negl 60:36\u201345","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3831_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.015","volume":"88","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Wang M, Chinchilli VM et al (2019) Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma after abuse evaluation. Child Abuse Negl 88:266\u2013274","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3831_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e550","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2949","volume":"128","author":"SA Maguire","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maguire SA, Kemp AM, Lumb RC, Farewell DM (2011) Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma. A pooled analysis. Pediatrics 128:e550-564","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR5","unstructured":"Aitken CCG, Barrett A, Berger CEH, et el. ENFSI guideline for evaluative reporting in forensic science: strengthening the evaluation of forensic results across Europe (STEOFRAE). The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes; 2015:16\u201318 (available from https:\/\/enfsi.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/m1_guideline.pdf)"},{"key":"3831_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106799","volume":"152","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Carroll CL, Frazier TN et al (2024) Validation of the PediBIRN-7 clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Child Abuse Negl 152:106799","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3831_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1537","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1329","volume":"134","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Armijo-Garcia V, Foster R et al (2014) Validation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Pediatrics 134:e1537-1544","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1982.10477856","volume":"77","author":"AP Dawid","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dawid AP (1982) The well-calibrated Bayesian. J Am Stat Assoc 77:605\u2013610","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"3831_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367527709-7","volume-title":"Handbook of forensic statistics","author":"D Ramos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos D, Meuwly D, Haraksim R, Berger CEH (2020) Validation of forensic automatic likelihood ratio methods. In: Banks DL, Kafadar K, Kaye DH, Tackett M (eds) Handbook of forensic statistics. CRC Press, pp 143\u2013162"},{"key":"3831_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182712b09","volume":"14","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Willson DF, Boos SC et al (2013) Derivation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Pediatr Crit Care Med 14:210\u2013220","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3831_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.055","volume":"236","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Armijo-Garcia V, Musick M et al (2021) A cluster randomized trial to reduce missed abusive head trauma in pediatric intensive care settings. J Pediatr 236:260\u2013268","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3831_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.341","volume":"5","author":"S Amagasa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amagasa S, Matsui H, Tsuji S, Uematsu S, Moriya T, Kinoshita K (2018) Characteristics distinguishing abusive head trauma from accidental head trauma in infants with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in Japan. Acute Med Surg 5:265\u2013271","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"key":"3831_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.165","volume":"14","author":"KM Bechtel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bechtel KM, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM et al (2004) Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics 14:165\u2013168","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.03.005","volume":"13","author":"G Binenbaum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Binenbaum G, Mirza-George N, Christian CW, Forbes BJ (2009) Odds of abuse associated with retinal hemorrhages in children suspected of abuse. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 13:268\u2013272","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"3831_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051742","volume":"149","author":"SC Boos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boos SC, Wang M, Karst WA, Hymel KP (2022) Traumatic head injury and the diagnosis of abuse: a cluster analysis. Pediatrics 149:e2021051742","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050006","volume":"16","author":"L Ewing-Cobbs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad M, Kramer L et al (2000) Acute neuroradiologic findings in young children with inflicted or noninflicted traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst 16:25\u201333","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3831_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.636","volume":"108","author":"KW Feldman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feldman KW, Bethel R, Shugerman RP, Grossman DC, Grady MS, Ellenbogen RG (2001) The cause of infant and toddler subdural hemorrhage: a prospective study. Pediatrics 108:636\u2013646","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3111","volume":"119","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Makoroff KL, Laskey AL, Conaway MR, Blackman JA (2007) Mechanisms, clinical presentations, injuries, and outcomes from inflicted versus noninflicted head trauma during infancy: results of a prospective, comparative, multicenter study. Pediatrics 119:922\u2013929","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105666","volume":"129","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Boos SC, Armijo-Garcia V et al (2022) An analysis of physicians\u2019 diagnostic reasoning regarding pediatric abusive head trauma. Child Abuse Negl 129:105666","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3831_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306960","volume":"100","author":"P Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly P, Simon J, Vincent AL, Reed P (2015) Abusive head trauma and accidental head trauma: a 20 year comparative study of referrals to a hospital child protection team. Arch Dis Child 100:1123\u20131130","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3831_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300630","volume":"96","author":"AM Kemp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kemp AM, Jaspan T, Griffiths J et al (2011) Neuroimaging: what neuroradiological features distinguish abusive from non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 96:1103\u20131112","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3831_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.150110","volume":"94","author":"S Maguire","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maguire S, Pickerd N, Farewell D, Mann M, Tempest V, Kemp AM (2009) Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non inflicted brain injury? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child 94:860\u2013867","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3831_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814549995","volume":"29","author":"S Narang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Narang S, Clarke J (2014) Abusive head trauma: past, present and future. J Child Neurol 29:1747\u20131756","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"3831_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1545","volume":"130","author":"SJ Piteau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piteau SJ, Ward MG, Barrowman NJ, Plint AC (2012) Clinical and radiographic characteristics associated with abusive and nonabusive head trauma: a systematic review. Pediatrics 130:315\u2013323","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR25","first-page":"11","volume":"154","author":"RM Reece","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reece RM, Sege R (2000) Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:11\u201315","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3831_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.102.4.0380","volume":"102","author":"M Vinchon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vinchon M, deFoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, Dhellemmes P (2005) Accidental and nonaccidental head injury in infants: a prospective study. J Neurosurg 102:380\u2013385","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3831_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1048-7","volume":"26","author":"M Vinchon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vinchon M, deFoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, Delestret I (2010) Confessed abuse versus witnessed accidents in infants: comparison of clinical, radiological, and ophthalmological data in corroborated cases. Childs Nerv Syst 26:637\u2013645","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3831_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.048","volume":"198","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Laskey AL, Crowell KR et al (2018) Racial\/Ethnic disparities and bias in the evaluation and reporting of abusive head trauma. J Pediatr 198:137\u2013143","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3831_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105518","volume":"125","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Karst W, Marinello M et al (2022) Screening for pediatric abusive head trauma: are three variables enough? Child Abuse Negl 125:105518","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"3831_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3756","volume":"138","author":"RP Berger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berger RP, Fromkin J, Herman B et al (2016) Validation of the Pittsburgh infant brain injury score for abusive head trauma. Pediatrics 138(1):e20153756","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3831_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.11.010","volume":"218","author":"KP Hymel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hymel KP, Lee G, Boos SC et al (2020) Estimating the relevance of historical red flags in the diagnosis of abusive head trauma. J Pediatr 218:178\u2013183","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3831_CR32","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. (2025). Forensic Sciences. 21043\u20134:2025. Part 4: Interpretation. Annex C, example C3. Available from: ISO 21043\u20134:2025-Forensic sciences\u2014Part 4: Interpretation. (visited March 26 2026) . https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/en\/#iso:std:iso:21043:-4:ed-1:v1:en"},{"key":"3831_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13060957","volume":"13","author":"T Hicks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hicks T, Buckleton J, Castella V, Evett I, Jackson G (2022) A logical framework for forensic DNA interpretation. Genes 13:957","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"3831_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000134","volume":"39","author":"WC Thompson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thompson WC, Newman EJ (2015) Lay understanding of forensic sciences: evaluation of random match probabilities, likelihood ratios, and verbal equivalents. Law Hum Behav 39:332\u2013349","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T18:02:23Z","timestamp":1787421743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03831-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board at Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center determined that this secondary analysis was not human subject research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}