{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:13:10Z","timestamp":1792782790417,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/057zh3y96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:13:13Z","timestamp":1781838793000},"page":"4015-4026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimation of population affinity from computed tomography-derived pelvic measurements: a comparative study of Indonesian and Japanese population samples"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suguru","family":"Torimitsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambika","family":"Flavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohsuke","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridhwan","family":"Lye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Amelia","family":"Bachtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.022","volume":"20","author":"A Balseven-Odabasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Balseven-Odabasi A, Yalcinozan E, Keten A, Ak\u00e7an R, Tumer AR, Onan A, Canturk N, Odabasi O, Hakan Dinc A (2013) Age and sex estimation by metric measurements and fusion of hyoid bone in a Turkish population. J Forensic Leg Med 20:496\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.022","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0999-8","volume":"128","author":"D Franklin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Franklin D, Cardini A, Flavel A, Marks MK (2014) Morphometric analysis of pelvic sexual dimorphism in a contemporary Western Australian population. Int J Leg Med 128:861\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-0999-8","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022024000100137","volume":"42","author":"RCS Anjani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anjani RCS, Artaria MD, Singsuwan P, Arunorat J, Mahakkanukrauh P (2024) Biological identification of skulls in Indonesian and Thai populations: ancestry estimation, sex determination, stature estimation, and age estimation. Int J Morphol 42:137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0717-95022024000100137","journal-title":"Int J Morphol"},{"key":"3883_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.018","volume":"165","author":"C Cattaneo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattaneo C (2007) Forensic anthropology: developments of a classical discipline in the new millennium. Forensic Sci Int 165:185\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2025.2586611","author":"S Sertel Meyvaci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sertel Meyvaci S, Ankarali H, Celik I, Celik B (2025) Modelling pelvic and lower extremity bone measurements for individual identification: a radiological study. Aust J Forensic Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2025.2586611","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci5040054","volume":"5","author":"K Godde","year":"2025","unstructured":"Godde K, Hens SM, Fuentes G (2025) Sex estimation from the pubic bone in contemporary Italians: comparisons of accuracy and reliability among the Phenice (1969), Klales et al. (2012), and MorphoPASSE methods. Forensic Sci 5:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/forensicsci5040054","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2019.1697060","volume":"5","author":"E Cunha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cunha E, Ubelaker DH (2020) Evaluation of ancestry from human skeletal remains: a concise review. Forensic Sci Res 5:89\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2019.1697060","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"3883_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14731","volume":"66","author":"AP Winburn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Winburn AP, Algee-Hewitt B (2021) Evaluating population affinity estimates in forensic anthropology: insights from the forensic anthropology database for assessing methods accuracy (FADAMA). J Forensic Sci 66:1210\u20131219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14731","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03529-8","volume":"139","author":"T Mbonani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mbonani T, L\u2019Abb\u00e9 E, Chen DG, Ridel A (2025) Population affinity estimation in forensic anthropology: a South African perspective. Int J Leg Med 139:2365\u20132387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03529-8","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14513","volume":"65","author":"JD Bethard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bethard JD, DiGangi EA (2020) Letter to the editor-moving beyond a lost cause: forensic anthropology and ancestry estimates in the United States. J Forensic Sci 65:1791\u20131792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14513","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24966\/flis-733x\/100073","volume":"9","author":"CB Quintyn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quintyn CB (2023) Estimating ancestry from a recovered cranium using the FORDISC 3. I computer program: a possible case of admixture-case report. J Forensic Leg Investig Sci 9:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24966\/flis-733x\/100073","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Investig Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24384","volume":"176","author":"AH Ross","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ross AH, Pilloud M (2021) The need to incorporate human variation and evolutionary theory in forensic anthropology: a call for reform. Am J Phys Anthropol 176:672\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24384","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12020J","volume":"44","author":"SM Duray","year":"1999","unstructured":"Duray SM, Morter HB, Smith FJ (1999) Morphological variation in cervical spinous processes: potential applications in the forensic identification of race from the skeleton. J Forensic Sci 44:937\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS12020J","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21006","volume":"139","author":"S Ousley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ousley S, Jantz R, Freid D (2009) Understanding race and human variation: why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race. Am J Phys Anthropol 139:68\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.21006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"67","author":"WW Howells","year":"1973","unstructured":"Howells WW (1973) Cranial variation in man: a study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human population. Pap Peabody Mus Arch\u00e4ol Ethnol 67:1\u2013259","journal-title":"Pap Peabody Mus Arch\u00e4ol Ethnol"},{"key":"3883_CR16","first-page":"25","volume":"21","author":"M Artaria","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artaria M (2008) Comparative study of cephalometric traits in various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Maj Biomorfologi 21:25\u201336","journal-title":"Maj Biomorfologi"},{"key":"3883_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hefner JT (2016) Biological distance analysis, cranial morphoscopic traits, and ancestry assessment in forensic anthropology. In: Pilloud MA, Hefner JT (eds) Biological distance analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 301\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-801966-5.00016-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801966-5.00016-0"},{"key":"3883_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2018.51.1.25","volume":"51","author":"EJ Woo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woo EJ, Jung H, Tansatit T (2018) Cranial index in a modern people of Thai ancestry. Anat Cell Biol 51:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5115\/acb.2018.51.1.25","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"3883_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.034","volume":"297","author":"B Musilov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musilov\u00e1 B, Dupej J, Br\u016f\u017eek J, Bejdov\u00e1 \u0160, Velem\u00ednsk\u00e1 J (2019) Sex and ancestry related differences between two central European populations determined using exocranial meshes. Forensic Sci Int 297:364\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.034","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.200128","volume":"128","author":"NP Kongkasuriyachai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kongkasuriyachai NP, Palee P, Prasitwattanaseree S, Mahakkanukrauh P (2020) Ancestry estimation using image analysis of orbital shapes from Thai and Japanese skulls. Anthropol Sci 128:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1537\/ase.200128","journal-title":"Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2020.100064","volume":"19","author":"MI Marini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marini MI, Angrosidy H, Kurniawan A, Margaretha MS (2020) The anthropological analysis of the nasal morphology of Dayak Kenyah population in Indonesia as a basic data for forensic identification. Transl Res Anat 19:100064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tria.2020.100064","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"key":"3883_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2020.1789219","volume":"54","author":"N Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai N, Prasitwattanaseree S, Case DT, Mahakkanukrauh P (2022) Craniometric estimation of ancestry in Thai and Japanese individuals. Aust J Forensic Sci 54:294\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2020.1789219","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2019.1704057","volume":"53","author":"K Elvezio Kasikam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elvezio Kasikam K, Case DT, Kasikam M, Prasitwattanaseree S, Sinthubua A, Singsuwan P, Mahakkanukrauh P (2021) Sex estimation from the cranial base in a Thai population. Aust J Forensic Sci 53:291\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2019.1704057","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330240103","volume":"24","author":"WH Birkby","year":"1966","unstructured":"Birkby WH (1966) An evaluation of race and sex identification from cranial measurements. Am J Phys Anthropol 24:21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330240103","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050208","volume":"112","author":"MY Ya\u015far I\u015fcan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ya\u015far I\u015fcan MY, Steyn M (1999) Craniometric determination of population affinity in South Africans. Int J Leg Med 112:91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004140050208","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.021","volume":"245","author":"KE Stull","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stull KE, Kenyhercz MW, L\u2019Abb\u00e9 EN (2014) Ancestry estimation in South Africa using craniometrics and geometric morphometrics. Forensic Sci Int 245:206.e1-206.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR27","unstructured":"Howells WW (1970) Multivariate analysis for the identification of race from the crania. In: Stewart TD (ed) Personal identification in mass disasters. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, pp 111\u2013123"},{"key":"3883_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10852J","volume":"24","author":"CC Snow","year":"1979","unstructured":"Snow CC, Hartman S, Giles E, Young FA (1979) Sex and race determination of crania by calipers and computer: a test of the Giles and Elliot discriminant functions in 52 forensic science cases. J Forensic Sci 24:448\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS10852J","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12440J","volume":"33","author":"GW Gill","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gill GW, Hughes SS, Bennett SM, Gilbert BM (1988) Racial identification from the midfacial skeleton with special reference to American Indians and whites. J Forensic Sci 33:92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS12440J","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01118.x","volume":"54","author":"JT Hefner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hefner JT (2009) Cranial nonmetric variation and estimating ancestry*. J Forensic Sci 54:985\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01118.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR31","first-page":"71","volume":"58","author":"DE Derry","year":"1923","unstructured":"Derry DE (1923) On the sexual and racial characters of the human ilium. J Anat 58:71\u201383","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"3883_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howells WW, Hotelling H (1936) Measurements and correlations on pelves of Indians of the southwest. Am J Phys Anthropol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330210128","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330210128"},{"key":"3883_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(85)80068-3","volume":"68","author":"MY \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1985","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fcan MY, Cotton TS (1985) The effect of age on the determination of race from the pelvis. Am J Phys Anthropol 68:205\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0047-2484(85)80068-3","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR34","first-page":"155","volume":"8","author":"EP Schulter-Ellis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schulter-Ellis EP, Hayek LC (1984) Predicting race and sex with an acetabulum\/pubis index. Coll Anthropol 8:155\u2013162","journal-title":"Coll Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330620210","volume":"62","author":"MY \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1983","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fcan MY (1983) Assessment of race from the pelvis. Am J Phys Anthropol 62:205\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330620210","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00113-5","volume":"127","author":"ML Patriquin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patriquin ML, Steyn M, Loth SR (2002) Metric assessment of race from the pelvis in South Africans. Forensic Sci Int 127:104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00113-5","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318169ce03","volume":"111","author":"VL Handa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Handa VL, Lockhart ME, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, Brubaker L, Cundiff GW, Ye W, Richter HE, Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (2008) Racial differences in pelvic anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging. Obstet Gynecol 111:914\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318169ce03","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3883_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.002","volume":"222","author":"C Small","year":"2012","unstructured":"Small C, Brits DM, Hemingway J (2012) Quantification of the subpubic angle in South Africans. Forensic Sci Int 222:395.e1-395.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330280106","volume":"28","author":"GS Letterman","year":"1941","unstructured":"Letterman GS (1941) The greater sciatic notch in American whites and Negroes. Am J Phys Anthropol 28:99\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330280106","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR40","first-page":"95","volume":"8","author":"MY \u0130\u015fcan","year":"1981","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fcan MY (1981) Race determination from the pelvis. Ossa 8:95\u2013100","journal-title":"Ossa"},{"key":"3883_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.003","volume":"282","author":"J Rivera-Sandoval","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivera-Sandoval J, Monsalve T, Cattaneo C (2018) A test of four innominate bone age assessment methods in a modern skeletal collection from Medellin, Colombia. Forensic Sci Int 282:232.e1-232.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-022-00526-w","volume":"19","author":"R Setiawati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Setiawati R, Rahardjo P, Ruriana I, Guglielmi G (2023) Anthropometric study using three-dimensional pelvic CT scan in sex determination among adult Indonesian population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 19:24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-022-00526-w","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3883_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70014","volume":"70","author":"AR Klales","year":"2025","unstructured":"Klales AR, Lesciotto KM (2025) Reevaluating skeletal sex estimation practices in forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci 70:825\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70014","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Afrianty I, Nasien D, Kadir MRA, Haron H (2013) Determination of gender from pelvic bones and patella in forensic anthropology: a comparison of classification techniques. In: 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation; Malaysia. 2013, pp 3\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AIMS.2013.9","DOI":"10.1109\/AIMS.2013.9"},{"key":"3883_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.012","volume":"189","author":"PN Gonzalez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez PN, Bernal V, Perez SI (2009) Geometric morphometric approach to sex estimation of human pelvis. Forensic Sci Int 189:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1000-6","volume":"129","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, Sakuma A, Ishii N, Hayakawa M, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Chiba F, Iwase H (2015) Stature estimation in Japanese cadavers based on pelvic measurements in three-dimensional multidetector computed tomographic images. Int J Leg Med 129:633\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1000-6","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pelin C, Duyar I, Kayahan EM, Za\u011fyapan R, A\u011fildere AM, Erar A (2005) Body height estimation based on dimensions of sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. J Forensic Sci 297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS2004010","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004010"},{"key":"3883_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-0937-x","volume":"40","author":"HM Karakas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karakas HM, Celbis O, Harma A, Alicioglu B (2011) Total body height estimation using sacrum height in Anatolian Caucasians: multidetector computed tomography-based virtual anthropometry. Skelet Radiol 40:623\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-010-0937-x","journal-title":"Skelet Radiol"},{"key":"3883_CR49","volume-title":"Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal material","author":"PH Moore-Jansen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moore-Jansen PH, Ousley SD, Jantz RL (1994) Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal material. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee"},{"key":"3883_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03178-3","volume":"138","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Nakazawa A, Flavel A, Swift L, Makino Y, Iwase H, Franklin D (2024) Population affinity estimation using pelvic measurements based on computed tomographic data acquired from Japanese and Western Australian populations. Int J Leg Med 138:1381\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03178-3","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022463400010651","volume":"27","author":"L Sluimers","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sluimers L (1996) The Japanese military and Indonesian independence. J Southeast Asian Stud 27:19\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022463400010651","journal-title":"J Southeast Asian Stud"},{"key":"3883_CR52","unstructured":"Latest demographic statistics (2022) https:\/\/www.ipss.go.jp\/syoushika\/tohkei\/Popular\/P_Detail2022.asp?fname=T10-13.htm. Accessed 12 Feb 2026"},{"key":"3883_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01803.x","volume":"56","author":"SJ Decker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Decker SJ, Davy-Jow SL, Ford JM, Hilbelink DR (2011) Virtual determination of sex: metric and nonmetric traits of the adult pelvis from 3D computed tomography models. J Forensic Sci 56:1107\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01803.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.018","volume":"257","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, Sakuma A, Ishii N, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Chiba F, Yamaguchi R, Hashimoto M, Hoshioka Y, Iwase H (2015) Morphometric analysis of sex differences in contemporary Japanese pelves using multidetector computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int 257:530e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03386-x","volume":"139","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Nakazawa A, Flavel A, Iwase H, Makino Y, Hisham S, Franklin D (2025) Estimation of population affinity using cranial measurements acquired in multidetector computed tomography images of Japanese and Malay individuals. Int J Leg Med 139:863\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03386-x","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03159-6","volume":"138","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Nakazawa A, Flavel A, Swift L, Makino Y, Iwase H, Franklin D (2024) Estimation of ancestry from cranial measurements based on MDCT data acquired in a Japanese and western Australian population. Int J Leg Med 138:1193\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03159-6","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03257-5","volume":"138","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Nakazawa A, Flavel A, Swift L, Makino Y, Iwase H, Franklin D (2024) Estimation of population affinity using proximal femoral measurements based on computed tomographic images in the Japanese and western Australian populations. Int J Leg Med 138:2169\u20132179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03257-5","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.1963396","volume":"7","author":"MH Attia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Attia MH, Attia MH, Farghaly YT, Abulnoor BAE, Manolis SK, Purkait R, Ubelaker DH (2022) Purkait\u2019s triangle revisited: role in sex and ancestry estimation. Forensic Sci Res 7:440\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2021.1963396","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"3883_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1050-9","volume":"129","author":"D Navega","year":"2015","unstructured":"Navega D, Coelho C, Vicente R, Ferreira MT, Wasterlain S, Cunha E (2015) AncesTrees: ancestry estimation with randomized decision trees. Int J Leg Med 129:1145\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1050-9","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45:5\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1010933404324","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"3883_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007607513941","volume":"40","author":"TG Dietterich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dietterich TG (2000) An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: bagging, boosting, and randomization. Mach Learn 40:139\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1007607513941","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"3883_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietterich TG (2000) Ensemble methods in machine learning. International workshop on multiple classifier systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_1"},{"key":"3883_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14231","volume":"65","author":"MC Spiros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiros MC, Hefner JT (2020) Ancestry estimation using cranial and postcranial macromorphoscopic traits. J Forensic Sci 65:921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14231","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector networks. Mach Learn 20:273\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00994018","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"3883_CR65","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee S-I (2017) A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1705.07874"},{"key":"3883_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2025.2456523","volume":"58","author":"S Al Msaidin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Al Msaidin S, Elubous R, Shrair H, Kharabsheh M, Abu Saa H, Alsalem M, Al Najjar M, Kalbouneh H (2026) Estimation of sex based on pelvic girdle measurements in a Jordanian population: a computed tomographic study. Aust J Forensic Sci 58:24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2025.2456523","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR67","first-page":"2076","volume":"3","author":"J Kothapalli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kothapalli J, Velichety SD, Desai V, Zameer MR (2012) Morphometric study of sexual dimorphism in adult sacra of south Indian population. Int J Biol Med Res 3:2076\u20132081","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Res"},{"key":"3883_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01663.x","volume":"56","author":"JA G\u00f3mez-Vald\u00e9s","year":"2011","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Vald\u00e9s JA, Torres Ram\u00edrez G, B\u00e1ez Molgado S, Herrera Sain-Leu P, Castrej\u00f3n Caballero JL, S\u00e1nchez-Mejorada G (2011) Discriminant function analysis for sex assessment in pelvic girdle bones: sample from the contemporary Mexican population. J Forensic Sci 56:297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01663.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2017.01.001","volume":"9","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, Sakuma A, Ishii N, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Chiba F, Yamaguchi R, Hashimoto M, Hoshioka Y, Iwase H (2017) Sex determination based on sacral and coccygeal measurements using multidetector computed tomography in a contemporary Japanese population. J Forensic Radiol Imag 9:8\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2017.01.001","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imag"},{"key":"3883_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1033-x","volume":"128","author":"M Djorojevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djorojevic M, Rold\u00e1n C, Garc\u00eda-Parra P, Alem\u00e1n I, Botella M (2014) Morphometric sex estimation from 3d computed tomography os coxae model and its validation in skeletal remains. Int J Leg Med 128:879\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1033-x","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.19.135","volume":"53","author":"SH Mohd Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohd Ali SH, Omar N, Shafie MS, Nik Ismail NA, Hadi H, Nor FM (2020) Sex estimation using subpubic angle from reconstructed three-dimensional computed tomography pelvic model in a contemporary Malaysian population. Anat Cell Biol 53:27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5115\/acb.19.135","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"3883_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2018.02.003","volume":"12","author":"E Johnstone-Belford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnstone-Belford E, Flavel A, Franklin D (2018) Morphoscopic observations in clinical pelvic MDCT scans: assessing the accuracy of the phenice traits for sex estimation in a western Australian population. J Forensic Radiol Imag 12:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2018.02.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imag"},{"key":"3883_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00544-4","volume":"387","author":"R Horton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horton R (2016) Offline: Indonesia\u2014unravelling the mystery of a nation. Lancet 387:830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00544-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3883_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-12-100","volume":"12","author":"JA Wilder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilder JA, Cox MP, Paquette AM, Alford R, Satyagraha AW, Harahap A, Sudoyo H (2011) Genetic continuity across a deeply divergent linguistic contact zone in North Maluku, Indonesia. BMC Genet 12:100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2156-12-100","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"3883_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1548-z","volume":"131","author":"KL Colman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colman KL, Dobbe JGG, Stull KE, Ruijter JM, Oostra RJ, van Rijn RR, van der Merwe AE, de Boer HH, Streekstra GJ (2017) The geometrical precision of virtual bone models derived from clinical computed tomography data for forensic anthropology. Int J Leg Med 131:1155\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1548-z","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02002-7","volume":"133","author":"KL Colman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colman KL, van der Merwe AE, Stull KE, Dobbe JGG, Streekstra GJ, van Rijn RR, Oostra RJ, de Boer HH (2019) The accuracy of 3D virtual bone models of the pelvis for morphological sex estimation. Int J Leg Med 133:1853\u20131860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-019-02002-7","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.23907\/2016.050","volume":"6","author":"HM Garvin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garvin HM, Stock MK (2016) The utility of advanced imaging in forensic anthropology. Acad Forensic Pathol 6:499\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23907\/2016.050","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"3883_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12770","volume":"60","author":"L Liebenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liebenberg L, Stull KE, L\u2019Abb\u00e9 EN, Botha D (2015) Evaluating the accuracy of cranial indices in ancestry estimation among South African groups. J Forensic Sci 60:1277\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12770","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.010","volume":"195","author":"F Ramsthaler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramsthaler F, Kettner M, Gehl A, Verhoff MA (2010) Digital forensic osteology: morphological sexing of skeletal remains using volume-rendered cranial CT scans. Forensic Sci Int 195:148\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13219-016-0172-7","volume":"29","author":"L Corron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corron L, Marchal F, Condemi S, Chaumo\u00eetre K, Adalian P (2017) Evaluating the consistency, repeatability, and reproducibility of osteometric data on dry bone surfaces, scanned dry bone surfaces, and scanned bone surfaces obtained from living individuals. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 29:33\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13219-016-0172-7","journal-title":"Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris"},{"key":"3883_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.005","volume":"238","author":"KE Stull","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stull KE, Tise ML, Ali Z, Fowler DR (2014) Accuracy and reliability of measurements obtained from computed tomography 3d volume rendered images. Forensic Sci Int 238:133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1155-y","volume":"19","author":"S Grabherr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grabherr S, Cooper C, Ulrich-Bochsler S, Uldin T, Ross S, Oesterhelweg L, Bolliger S, Christe A, Schnyder P, Mangin P, Thali MJ (2009) Estimation of sex and age of virtual skeletons-a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 19:419\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-008-1155-y","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"3883_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002166","volume":"48","author":"MJ Thali","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thali MJ, Yen K, Schweitzer W, Vock P, Boesch C, Ozdoba C, Schroth G, Ith M, Sonnenschein M, Doernhoefer T, Scheurer E, Plattner T, Dirnhofer R (2003) Virtopsy, a new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u2014a feasibility study. J Forensic Sci 48:386\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS2002166","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.029","volume":"286","author":"KL Colman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colman KL, Janssen MCL, Stull KE, van Rijn RR, Oostra RJ, de Boer HH, van der Merwe AE (2018) Dutch population specific sex estimation formulae using the proximal femur. Forensic Sci Int 286:268.e1-268.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.029","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-023-00637-y","volume":"20","author":"V Warrier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warrier V, Shedge R, Garg PK, Dixit SG, Krishan K, Kanchan T (2024) Age estimation from iliac auricular surface using Bayesian inference and principal component analysis: a CT-based study in an Indian population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 20:370\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00637-y","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3883_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13285","volume":"62","author":"N Lottering","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lottering N, Alston-Knox CL, MacGregor DM, Izatt MT, Grant CA, Adam CJ, Gregory LS (2017) Apophyseal ossification of the iliac crest in forensic age estimation: computed tomography standards for modern Australian subadults. J Forensic Sci 62:292\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13285","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2019.100348","volume":"19","author":"RM Carew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carew RM, Viner MD, Conlogue G, M\u00e1rquez-Grant N, Beckett S (2019) Accuracy of computed radiography in osteometry: a comparison of digital imaging techniques and the effect of magnification. J Forensic Radiol Imag 19:100348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2019.100348","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imag"},{"key":"3883_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1345-0","volume":"130","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekizoglu O, Inci E, Erdil I, Hocaoglu E, Bilgili MG, Kazimoglu C, Reisoglu A, Can IO (2016) Computed tomography evaluation of the iliac crest apophysis: age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 130:1101\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-016-1345-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3883_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.017","volume":"174","author":"MA Verhoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verhoff MA, Ramsthaler F, Kr\u00e4hahn J, Deml U, Gille RJ, Grabherr S, Thali MJ, Kreutz K (2008) Digital forensic osteology- possibilities in cooperation with the Virtopsy project. Forensic Sci Int 174:152\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.09.001","volume":"12","author":"D Franklin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Franklin D (2010) Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions. Leg Med (Tokyo) 12:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.09.001","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3883_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.008","volume":"193","author":"E Cunha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cunha E, Baccino E, Martrille L, Ramsthaler F, Prieto J, Schuliar Y, Lynnerup N, Cattaneo C (2009) The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: a review. Forensic Sci Int 193:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0200-8","volume":"121","author":"F Dedouit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dedouit F, Telmon N, Costagliola R, Otal P, Florence LL, Joffre F, Roug\u00e9 D (2007) New identification possibilities with postmortem multislice computed tomography. Int J Leg Med 121:507\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-007-0200-8","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0772-9","volume":"127","author":"D Franklin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franklin D, Cardini A, Flavel A, Kuliukas A, Marks MK, Hart R, Oxnard C, O\u2019Higgins P (2013) Concordance of traditional osteometric and volume-rendered msct interlandmark cranial measurements. Int J Leg Med 127:505\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0772-9","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"3883_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.11.032","volume":"219","author":"H Biwasaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biwasaka H, Aoki Y, Sato K, Tanijiri T, Fujita S, Dewa K, Yoshioka K, Tomabechi M (2012) Analyses of sexual dimorphism of reconstructed pelvic computed tomography images of contemporary Japanese using curvature of the greater sciatic notch, pubic arch and greater pelvis. Forensic Sci Int 219:288.e1-288.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.11.032","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3883_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franklin D, Blau S (2020) Physical and virtual sources of biological data in forensic anthropology: considerations relative to practitioner and\/or judicial requirements. In: Obertov\u00e1 Z, Stewart A, Cattaneo C (eds) Statistics and probability in forensic anthropology. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 17\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00008-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00008-3"},{"key":"3883_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200462","volume":"26","author":"T Simmons-Ehrhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simmons-Ehrhardt T (2021) Open osteology: medical imaging databases as skeletal collections. Forensic Imaging 26:200462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200462","journal-title":"Forensic Imaging"},{"key":"3883_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.2024369","volume":"7","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Chen Y, Vieira DN, Chen F, Zhang J, Huang P (2022) Use of deep learning in forensic sex estimation of virtual pelvic models from the Han population. Forensic Sci Res 7:540\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2021.2024369","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"3883_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2023.0041","volume":"8","author":"LE Auchter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Auchter LE, Stull K (2025) Development and validation of a subadult sex estimation method using pelvic metrics. FA 8:19\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/fa.2023.0041","journal-title":"FA"},{"key":"3883_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2022.2133168","volume":"56","author":"S Hisham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hisham S, Ibrahim MA (2024) Craniofacial measurements of Malaysian Malays, Chinese and Indians based on the analyses of post-mortem computed tomographic images. Aust J Forensic Sci 56:110\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2022.2133168","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2024.2331527","volume":"57","author":"S Hisham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hisham S, Ibrahim MA (2024) Classification of Malaysian individuals using Fordisc 3 based on four craniofacial measurements. Aust J Forensic Sci 57:294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2024.2331527","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15176","volume":"68","author":"M Farhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farhi M, Tomas N, Marion I, Avenetti D, Atsawasuwan P, da Fonseca M, Al Atabbe M, Nicholas CL (2023) Evaluation of the (Hu)MANid program for sex and ancestry estimation in a diverse, contemporary CT scan-based sample. J Forensic Sci 68:242\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15176","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790112","volume":"79","author":"NC Lovell","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lovell NC (1989) Test of Phenice\u2019s technique for determining sex from the os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 79:117\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330790112","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2017.50.4.265","volume":"50","author":"O Kolesova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolesova O, Kolesovs A, Vetra J (2017) Age-related trends of lesser pelvic architecture in females and males: a computed tomography pelvimetry study. Anat Cell Biol 50:265\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5115\/acb.2017.50.4.265","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"3883_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517085113","volume":"113","author":"A Huseynov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huseynov A, Zollikofer CPE, Coudyzer W, Gascho D, Kellenberger C, Hinzpeter R, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2016) Developmental evidence for obstetric adaptation of the human female pelvis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:5227\u20135232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1517085113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3883_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22410","volume":"153","author":"L Betti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betti L (2014) Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the os coxae and the effects of microevolutionary processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:167\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22410","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.12697\/poa.2011.20.21","volume":"20","author":"O Kolesova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kolesova O, V\u0113tra J (2012) Sexual dimorphism of pelvic morphology variation in live humans. Pap Anthropol 20:209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12697\/poa.2011.20.21","journal-title":"Pap Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.47119\/IJRP1006411120201537","volume":"64","author":"I Ruriana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruriana I, Setiawati R, Prijambodo D (2020) Sex identification using adult pelvic 3D CT scan: an anthropometric study. IJRP 64:143\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47119\/IJRP1006411120201537","journal-title":"IJRP"},{"key":"3883_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1127\/homo\/2020\/1116","volume":"71","author":"N Imai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imai N, Funayama K, Suzuki H, Tsuchiya K, Nozaki A, Minato I, Miyasaka D, Endo N (2020) Stature estimation formulae based on bony pelvic dimensions and femoral length. Homo 71:111\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/homo\/2020\/1116","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"3883_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00598.x","volume":"53","author":"CL Giroux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giroux CL, Wescott DJ (2008) Stature estimation based on dimensions of the bony pelvis and proximal femur. J Forensic Sci 53:65\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00598.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/ejfs.231267","volume":"4","author":"E Mostafa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mostafa E, Gad A, Dessouki S, Hashish R, Khafagy A (2017) Sex determination using three-dimensional computed tomography of pelvis measurements in adult Egyptian population. Eur J Forensic Sci 4:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ejfs.231267","journal-title":"Eur J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22102","volume":"149","author":"AR Klales","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klales AR, Ousley SD, Vollner JM (2012) A revised method of sexing the human innominate using Phenice\u2019s nonmetric traits and statistical methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:104\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22102","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR112","first-page":"26","volume":"1","author":"GS Oladipo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oladipo GS, Ugomba HAA, Suleiman YA (2009) Comparative study of the subpubic angle of adult Ijaws and Igbos. Asian J Med Sci 1:26\u201329","journal-title":"Asian J Med Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR113","first-page":"107","volume":"2","author":"GS Oladipo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oladipo GS, Okoh PD, Hart JS (2010) Comparative study of the sub-pubic angle Ikwerres and Kalabaris. Asian J Med Sci 2:107\u2013110","journal-title":"Asian J Med Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR114","first-page":"177","volume":"S28","author":"EN L\u2019Abbe","year":"1999","unstructured":"L\u2019Abbe EN, \u0130\u015fcan MY, Loth SR (1999) Comparative assessment of nutritional stress in the skeletons of South African whites and blacks. Am J Phys Anthropol S28:177","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830407","volume":"83","author":"M Henneberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Henneberg M, van den Berg ER (1990) Test of socioeconomic causation of secular trend: stature changes among favored and oppressed South Africans are parallel. Am J Phys Anthropol 83:459\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330830407","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR116","first-page":"467","volume":"59","author":"B Price","year":"1987","unstructured":"Price B, Cameron N, Tobias PV (1987) A further search for a secular trend of adult body size in South African blacks: evidence form the femur and tibia. Hum Biol 59:467\u2013475","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"3883_CR117","first-page":"145","volume":"40","author":"PV Tobias","year":"1975","unstructured":"Tobias PV (1975) Stature and secular trend among southern African Negroes and San (bushman). S Afr J Med Sci 40:145\u2013164","journal-title":"S Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330310316","volume":"31","author":"WA Stini","year":"1969","unstructured":"Stini WA (1969) Nutritional stress and growth: sex difference in adaptive response. Am J Phys Anthropol 31:417\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330310316","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holliday TW (1997) Postcranial evidence of cold adaptation in European Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2%3C245::AID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO;2-#","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2%3C245::AID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"3883_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812554106","volume":"106","author":"TD Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver TD, Hublin JJ (2009) Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:8151\u20138156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0812554106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3883_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1086\/428792","volume":"46","author":"FL Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams FL, Belcher RL, Armelagos GJ (2005) Forensic misclassification of ancient Nubian crania: implications for assumptions about human variation. Current Anthropology 46:340\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/428792","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"3883_CR122","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"SD Desai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Desai SD, Shaik HS, Shepur MP, Thomas ST, Mavishettar GF, Haseena S (2013) A craniometric study of south Indian adult dry skulls. J Pharm Sci Res 5:33\u201334","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"3883_CR123","first-page":"821","volume":"65","author":"K Kasai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kasai K, Richards LC, Brown T (1993) Comparative study of craniofacial morphology in Japanese and Australian aboriginal populations. Hum Biol 65:821\u2013834","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"3883_CR124","first-page":"818","volume":"52","author":"MG Hossain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hossain MG, Saw A, Ohtsuki F, Lestrel PE, Kamarul T (2011) Change in facial shape in two cohorts of Japanese adult female students twenty years apart. Singap Med J 52:818\u2013823","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"3883_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","volume":"30","author":"TW Phenice","year":"1969","unstructured":"Phenice TW (1969) A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 30:297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10422","volume":"127","author":"PL Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker PL (2005) Greater sciatic notch morphology: sex, age, and population differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 127:385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10422","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3883_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15200J","volume":"47","author":"DH Ubelaker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ubelaker DH, Volk CG (2002) A test of the Phenice method for the estimation of sex. J Forensic Sci 47:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS15200J","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3883_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01374.x","volume":"55","author":"JA Bytheway","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bytheway JA, Ross AH (2010) A geometric morphometric approach to sex determination of the human adult os coxa. J Forensic Sci 55:859\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01374.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:01:52Z","timestamp":1791828112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03883-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo (approval no. 2121264NI) and the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (approval no. 2020\/ET000038). The study was conducted in accordance with the applicable laws and ethical standards of the countries in which it was performed. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent could not be obtained since all personal data were anonymized to protect their identity.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}