{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:51:20Z","timestamp":1791820280742,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:44:17Z","timestamp":1783129457000},"page":"4157-4165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Forensic age estimation using knee MRI: application of the Vieth staging system in a French population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oguzhan","family":"Ekizoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Rebillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Colomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Baccino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Cyteval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Sordino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Martrille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Grundmann C, Fuhrmann A, Kaatsch HJ, Knell B, Ramsthaler F, Reisinger W, Riepert T, Ritz-Timme S, R\u00f6sing FW, R\u00f6tzscher K, Geserick G (2008) Criteria for age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 122(6):457\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3901_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/lds014","volume":"102","author":"A Aynsley-Green","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aynsley-Green A, Cole TJ, Crawley H, Lessof N, Boag LR, Wallace RM (2012) Medical, statistical, ethical and human rights considerations in the assessment of age in children and young people subject to immigration control. Br Med Bull 102:17\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/lds014","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"3901_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G (2016) Forensic age estimation. Dtsch Arztebl Int 113(4):44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"3901_CR4","unstructured":"United Nations committee on the rights of the child (2019) General comment no. 24 on children\u2019s rights in the child justice system. Geneva, United Nations"},{"key":"3901_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EASO (2021) age assessment practices in EU\u2009+\u2009countries: updated fndings. In: EASO practical guide series. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2847\/565210","DOI":"10.2847\/565210"},{"key":"3901_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EASO (2019) practical guide on the best interests of the child in asylum procedures. In: EASO practical guides series. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2847\/084111","DOI":"10.2847\/084111"},{"issue":"5","key":"3901_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1847-z","volume":"132","author":"C Hermetet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hermetet C, Saint-Martin P, Gambier A, Ribier L, Sautenet B, R\u00e9rolle C (2018) Forensic age estimation using computed tomography of the medial clavicular epiphysis: a systematic review. Int J Legal Med 132(5):1415\u20131425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-018-1847-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3901_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heldring N, Rezaie AR, Larsson A, Gahn R, Zilg B, Camilleri S, Saade A, Wesp P, Palm E, Kvist O (2024) A probability model for estimating age in young individuals relative to key legal thresholds: 15, 18 or 21-year. Int J Legal Med. 2025;139(1):197\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03324-x. Erratum in: Int J Legal Med. 2025;139(1):457. doi: 10.1007\/s00414-024-03347-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03324-x"},{"issue":"12","key":"3901_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04709-x","volume":"50","author":"J De Tobel","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Tobel J, Bauwens J, Parmentier GIL, Franco A, Pauwels NS, Verstraete KL, Thevissen PW (2020) Magnetic resonance imaging for forensic age estimation in living children and young adults: a systematic review. Pediatr Radiol 50(12):1691\u20131708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04709-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3901_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03345-6","volume":"139","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ekizoglu O, Er A, Hocaoglu E, Bozdag M, Grabherr S (2025) T2-weighted spoiled gradient echo MRI for forensic age estimation: a study on knee growth plates. Int J Legal Med 139(1):245\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03345-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"3901_CR11","first-page":"232","volume":"217","author":"F Dedouit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dedouit F, Auriol J, Rousseau H, Roug\u00e9 D, Crub\u00e9zy E, Telmon N (2012) Age assessment by magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: a preliminary study. Forensic Sci Int 217(1\u20133):232. e1-7","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"3901_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5281-2","volume":"28","author":"V Vieth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vieth V, Schulz R, Heindel W, Pfeiffer H, Buerke B, Schmeling A, Ottow C (2018) Forensic age assessment by 3.0T MRI of the knee: proposal of a new MRI classification of ossification stages. Eur Radiol 28(8):3255\u20133262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-5281-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3901_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000634","volume":"42","author":"B Uygun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uygun B, Kaya K, K\u00f6se S, Ekizo\u011flu O, Hilal A (2021) Applicability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee in Forensic Age Estimation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 42(2):147\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000634","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3901_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02402-0","volume":"135","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ekizoglu O, Er A, Bozdag M, Basa CD, Kacmaz IE, Moghaddam N, Grabherr S (2021) Forensic age estimation via magnetic resonance imaging of knee in the Turkish population: use of T1-TSE sequence. Int J Legal Med 135(2):631\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-020-02402-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3901_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4880-2","volume":"27","author":"C Ottow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ottow C, Schulz R, Pfeiffer H, Heindel W, Schmeling A, Vieth V (2017) Forensic age estimation by magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: the definite relevance in bony fusion of the distal femoral- and the proximal tibial epiphyses using closest-to-bone T1 TSE sequence. Eur Radiol 27(12):5041\u20135048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4880-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3901_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0967-3","volume":"128","author":"JA Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer JA, Schmidt S, J\u00fcrgens KU, Lentschig M, Schmeling A, Vieth V (2014) Forensic age estimation in living individuals using 3.0 T MRI of the distal femur. Int J Legal Med 128(3):509\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-0967-3","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3901_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9559-2","volume":"10","author":"JA Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer JA, Schmidt S, J\u00fcrgens KU, Lentschig M, Schmeling A, Vieth V (2014) The use of magnetic resonance imaging to examine ossification of the proximal tibial epiphysis for forensic age estimation in living individuals. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 10(3):306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-014-9559-2","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3901_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119648628.ch44","volume":"2","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Rudolf E (2022) Medical age assessment in living individuals. Handb Forensic Med 2:1027\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119648628.ch44","journal-title":"Handb Forensic Med"},{"key":"3901_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Manuel P, Luis J, Irene M (2011) Forensic age estimation in unaccompanied minors and young living adults [Internet]. Forensic medicine - from old problems to new challenges. InTech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/19261","DOI":"10.5772\/19261"},{"issue":"4","key":"3901_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256","volume":"70","author":"J Cohen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cohen J (1968) Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol Bull 70(4):213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0026256","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3901_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malokaj V, Wernsing MF, Kunz SN, Beer M, Vogele D (2024) Forensic age estimation by MRI of the knee - comparison of two classifications for ossification stages in a German population. Int J Legal Med. 138(6):2387\u20132400. 10.1007\/s00414-024-03281-5. Epub 2024 Jul 4. Erratum in: Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar 10. doi:10.1007\/s00414-026-03757-6 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03281-5 Epub 2024 Jul 4. Erratum in: Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar 10. doi:10.1007\/s00414-026-03757-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03281-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"3901_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03431-3","volume":"139","author":"J Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo J, Jia X, Cheng Y, Wang G, Wang H, Guo Y, Meng H, Wang Y, Chen T, Guo Y (2025) Forensic age estimation using Vieth classification in adolescents of northern China based on the knee MRI. Int J Legal Med 139(4):1681\u20131689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03431-3","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"1143","key":"3901_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220561","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220561","volume":"96","author":"B Has","year":"2023","unstructured":"Has B, Gurses MS, Altinsoy HB (2023) Evaluation of distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyseal plate in bone age estimation with 3.0T MRI: a comparison of current methods. Br J Radiol 96(1143):20220561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20220561","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3901_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03061-7","volume":"137","author":"TD Ruder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruder TD, Kuhnen SC, Zech WD, Klaus JB, Lombardo P, Ith M (2023) Standards of practice in forensic age estimation with CT of the medial clavicular epiphysis-a systematic review. Int J Legal Med 137(6):1757\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03061-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3901_CR25","unstructured":"Stemler SE (2004) A comparison of consensus, consistency, and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. Pract Assess Res Eval. 9(4). Available from: https:\/\/openpublishing.library.umass.edu\/pare\/article\/1540\/galley\/1491\/view\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"3901_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0932-6","volume":"128","author":"D Wittschieber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wittschieber D, Schulz R, Vieth V, K\u00fcppers M, Bajanowski T, Ramsthaler F, P\u00fcschel K, Pfeiffer H, Schmidt S, Schmeling A (2014) Influence of the examiner\u2019s qualification and sources of error during stage determination of the medial clavicular epiphysis by means of computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 128(1):183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-013-0932-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3901_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02924-9","volume":"137","author":"T Widek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Widek T, De Tobel J, Ehammer T, Genet P (2023) Forensic age estimation in males by MRI based on the medial epiphysis of the clavicle. Int J Legal Med 137(3):679\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02924-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3901_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110054","volume":"306","author":"J De Tobel","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Tobel J, Fieuws S, Hillewig E, Phlypo I, van Wijk M, de Haas MB, Politis C, Verstraete KL, Thevissen PW (2020) Multi-factorial age estimation: A Bayesian approach combining dental and skeletal magnetic resonance imaging. Forensic Sci Int 306:110054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110054","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"3901_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1676-5","volume":"131","author":"S Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt S, Ottow C, Pfeiffer H, Heindel W, Vieth V, Schmeling A, Schulz R (2017) Magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluation of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis in forensic age assessment. Int J Legal Med 131(6):1665\u20131673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1676-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3901_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rk MB, Bleka \u00d8, Kvaal SI, Sakinis T, Tuvnes FA, Eggesb\u00f8 HB, Lauritzen PM (2024) MRI segmentation of tooth tissue in age prediction of sub-adults - a new method for combining data from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molars. Int J Legal Med 138(3):939\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03149-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03149-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"3901_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70270","volume":"71","author":"H Coreelman","year":"2026","unstructured":"Coreelman H, De Tobel J, Widek T, Urschler M, Fieuws S, Thevissen PW, Verstraete KL (2026) Minimal age principle versus Bayesian approach to combine age indicators from magnetic resonance imaging for multifactorial forensic age estimation. J Forensic Sci 71(2):683\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70270","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3901_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03182-7","volume":"138","author":"YS Jiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiao YS, Tuerhong Y, Chen CX, Dai XH, Lu T, Peng Z, Deng ZH, Fan F (2024) Bone age assessment based on different MRI modalities of the proximal humerus epiphysis: the comparisons of T1WI, T2WI, and PDWI. Int J Legal Med 138(4):1509\u20131521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03182-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1791819701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03901-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee of CHU Montpellier (n\u00b0A173\/2025-10-353). Due to the retrospective design and the use of fully anonymised data, the requirement for informed consent was waived.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}