{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:55:56Z","timestamp":1791849356525,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:44:55Z","timestamp":1783471495000},"page":"4181-4194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender differences in sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and psychopharmacological treatments among forensic \u0131npatients with serious mental \u0131llness in T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Alperen","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengisu","family":"\u00c7atl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"\u00c7ift\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eahin","family":"G\u00fcrkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sena","family":"Akpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6yk\u00fc","family":"Zaimo\u011fullar\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Yatk\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senem","family":"Yapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erol","family":"G\u00f6ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(90)90005-R","volume":"3","author":"D Addington","year":"1990","unstructured":"Addington D, Addington J, Schissel B (1990) A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 3(4):247\u2013251","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"3913_CR2","first-page":"3111","volume":"11","author":"B Bortolato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bortolato B, Miskowiak KW, K\u00f6hler CA, Vieta E, Carvalho AF (2015) Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 11:3111\u20133125","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"3913_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo\u015fgelmez \u015e, Yildiz M (2017) Cigarette Consumption and Related Factors in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder and Delusional Disorder. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2017300307"},{"issue":"7","key":"3913_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2024.2378070","volume":"36","author":"L Buongiorno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buongiorno L, Carabellese F, Margari A, Parente L, Mandarelli G, Catanesi R (2024) Sex and gender differences in the Italian forensic psychiatric population: a residences for the execution of security measures study. Int Rev Psychiatry 36(7):794\u2013802","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"3913_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2165\/11596930-000000000-00000","volume":"25","author":"L Citrome","year":"2011","unstructured":"Citrome L, Volavka J (2011) Pharmacological management of acute and persistent aggression in forensic psychiatry settings. CNS Drugs 25(12):1009\u20131021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"3913_CR6","volume-title":"Explaining psychological statistics","author":"BH Cohen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cohen BH (2008) Explaining psychological statistics. John Wiley & Sons"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/09585180050142525","volume":"11","author":"J Coid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coid J, Kahtan N, Gault S, Jarman B (2000) Women admitted to secure forensic psychiatry services: I. Comparison of women and men. J Forensic Psychiatry 11(2):275\u2013295","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210372142","volume":"22","author":"F Cortoni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cortoni F, Hanson RK, Coache M\u00c8 (2010) The recidivism rates of female sexual offenders are low: a meta-analysis. Sex Abuse 22(4):387\u2013401","journal-title":"Sex Abuse"},{"key":"3913_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz B, Luki\u0107 N, Strand S (2023) Gender perspective of victimization, crime and penal policy. In 467\u2013502.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14360-1_14"},{"issue":"12","key":"3913_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0882-4","volume":"49","author":"E Daff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daff E, Thomas SDM (2014) Bipolar disorder and criminal offending: a data linkage study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(12):1985\u20131991","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00794947","volume":"30","author":"JM Darves-Bornoz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Darves-Bornoz JM, Lemp\u00e9ri\u00e8re T, Degiovanni A, Gaillard P (1995) Sexual victimization in women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 30(2):78\u201384","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008686","volume":"143","author":"CE Davis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davis CE, Williams DH, Oganov RG, Tao SC, Rywik SL, Stein Y et al (1996) Sex difference in high density lipoprotein cholesterol in six countries. Am J Epidemiol 143(11):1100\u20131106","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3913_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003433","volume":"53","author":"G de Girolamo","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Girolamo G, Iozzino L, Ferrari C, Gosek P, Heitzman J, Salize HJ et al (2023) A multinational case\u2212control study comparing forensic and non-forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the EU-VIORMED project. Psychol Med 53(5):1814\u20131824","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3913_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vogel V, Stam J, Bouman YH, Ter Horst P, Lancel M (2016) Violent women: A multicentre study into gender differences in forensic psychiatric patients. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 27(2):145\u2013168","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2015.1102312"},{"issue":"7","key":"3913_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2018.1556267","volume":"25","author":"V de Vogel","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Vogel V, de Spa E (2019) Gender differences in violent offending: results from a multicentre comparison study in Dutch forensic psychiatry. Psychol Crime Law 25(7):739\u2013751","journal-title":"Psychol Crime Law"},{"issue":"12","key":"3913_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002354","volume":"50","author":"H Dickson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dickson H, Hedges EP, Ma SY, Cullen AE, MacCabe JH, Kempton MJ et al (2020) Academic achievement and schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis. Psychol Med 50(12):1949\u20131965","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","volume":"33","author":"J Endicott","year":"1976","unstructured":"Endicott J (1976) The Global Assessment Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33(6):766","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70223-8","volume":"1","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazel S, Wolf A, Palm C, Lichtenstein P (2014) Violent crime, suicide, and premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a 38-year total population study in Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry 1(1):44\u201354","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30109-8","volume":"4","author":"S Fazel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fazel S, Wolf A, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Mallett S, Fanshawe TR (2017) Identification of low risk of violent crime in severe mental illness with a clinical prediction tool (Oxford Mental Illness and Violence tool [OxMIV]): a derivation and validation study. Lancet Psychiatry 4(6):461\u2013468","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"3913_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000695","volume":"44","author":"A Fleischman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fleischman A, Werbeloff N, Yoffe R, Davidson M, Weiser M (2014) Schizophrenia and violent crime: a population-based study. Psychol Med 44(14):3051\u20133057","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.370","volume":"162","author":"DP Folsom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Folsom DP, Hawthorne W, Lindamer L, Gilmer T, Bailey A, Golshan S et al (2005) Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. Am J Psychiatry 162(2):370\u2013376","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400104","volume":"66","author":"T Fovet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fovet T, Geoffroy PA, Vaiva G, Adins C, Thomas P, Amad A (2015) Individuals with bipolar disorder and their relationship with the criminal justice system: a critical review. Psychiatr Serv 66(4):348\u2013353","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030363","volume":"11","author":"L Fusar-Poli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli L, Amerio A, Cimpoesu P, Grimaldi Filioli P, Natale A, Zappa G et al (2021) Gender differences in complete blood count and inflammatory ratios among patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Sci 11(3):363","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","volume":"167","author":"DM Gardner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O\u2019Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ (2010) International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry 167(6):686\u2013693","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3913_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giordano GM, Bucci P, Mucci A, Pezzella P, Galderisi S (2021) Gender differences in clinical and psychosocial features among persons with schizophrenia: A mini review. Front Psychiatry 12:789179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.789179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.789179"},{"key":"3913_CR26","unstructured":"Guy W (1970) CGI: Clinical Global Impressions. In: Guy, W., Bonato, R. (Eds.), Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery. National Institute of Mental Health. National Institute of Mental Health, Maryland, 1\u201312"},{"key":"3913_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy W (1976) Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington, DC, pp. 534\u2013537","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00343-5","volume":"20","author":"MP G\u00fcnther","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther MP, Lau S, Kling S, Sonnweber M, Habermeyer E, Kirchebner J (2021) Different needs in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who behave aggressively towards others depend on gender: a latent class analysis approach. Ann Gen Psychiatry 20(1):20","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150170020","volume":"72","author":"R Haller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haller R, Kemmler G, Kocsis E, Maetzler W, Prunlechner R, Hinterhuber H (2001) Schizophrenie und Gewaltt\u00e4tigkeit. Nervenarzt 72(11):859\u2013866","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23(1):56\u201362","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1291839","volume":"21","author":"A Hasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenth\u00f8j B, Gattaz WF et al (2017) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia - a short version for primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 21(2):82\u201390","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.06.029587","volume":"191","author":"S Hodgins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hodgins S, Alderton J, Cree A, Aboud A, Mak T (2007) Aggressive behaviour, victimisation and crime among severely mentally ill patients requiring hospitalisation. Br J Psychiatry 191(4):343\u2013350","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3913_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00170-3","volume":"7","author":"S Hoekstra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoekstra S, Bartz-Johannessen C, Sinkeviciute I, Reponen EJ, Joa I, Kroken RA et al (2021) Sex differences in antipsychotic efficacy and side effects in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: results from the BeSt InTro study. NPJ Schizophr 7:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-021-00170-3","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"3913_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Houidi A, Paruk S, Sartorius B (2018) Forensic psychiatric assessment process and outcome in state patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa 24:1142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1142","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1142"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128536","volume":"10","author":"L Iozzino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iozzino L, Ferrari C, Large M, Nielssen O, de Girolamo G (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of violence by psychiatric acute inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0128536","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-04857-3","volume":"34","author":"S Kalkhoran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kalkhoran S, Thorndike AN, Rigotti NA, Fung V, Baggett TP (2019) Cigarette smoking and quitting-related factors among US adult health center patients with serious mental illness. J Gen Intern Med 34(6):986\u2013991","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13(2):261\u2013276","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"3913_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2021.100217","volume":"27","author":"S Kharawala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kharawala S, Hastedt C, Podhorna J, Shukla H, Kappelhoff B, Harvey PD (2022) The relationship between cognition and functioning in schizophrenia: a semi-systematic review. Schizophrenia Res Cogn 27:100217","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res Cogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001837","volume":"44","author":"\u015eA Korkmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korkmaz \u015eA, Koca E, Yilmaz \u00d6, \u00d6zbek T, G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc MA, Kizgin S (2024) Real-world evidence of antipsychotic monotherapy versus polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 44(3):250\u2013257","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.459","volume":"161","author":"M Krakowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krakowski M, Czobor P (2004) Gender differences in violent behaviors: relationship to clinical symptoms and psychosocial factors. Am J Psychiatry 161(3):459\u2013465","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"3913_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv167","volume":"42","author":"S Leucht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S, Davis JM (2016) Dose equivalents for antipsychotic drugs: the DDD method: table 1. Schizophr Bull 42(suppl 1):S90\u2013S94","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2130","volume":"78","author":"S Leucht","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leucht S, Bauer S, Siafis S, Hamza T, Wu H, Schneider-Thoma J et al (2021) Examination of Dosing of Antipsychotic Drugs for Relapse Prevention in Patients With Stable Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiat 78(11):1238","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1288722","volume":"18","author":"B Lange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lange B, Mueller JK, Leweke FM, Bumb JM (2017) How gender affects the pharmacotherapeutic approach to treating psychosis \u2013 a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 18(4):351\u2013362","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"3913_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin CE, Chung CH, Chen LF, Chen PC, Cheng HY, Chien WC (2019) Compulsory admission is associated with an increased risk of readmission in patients with schizophrenia: a 7-year, population-based, retrospective cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54(2):243\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-018-1606-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1606-y"},{"issue":"s334","key":"3913_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb10566.x","volume":"76","author":"O Lingj\u00e6rde","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lingj\u00e6rde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencker SJ, Elgen K (1987) The UKU side effect rating scale: a new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross\u2010sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic\u2010treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76(s334):1\u2013100","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"3913_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.722985","author":"G Mandarelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandarelli G, Carabellese F, di Sciascio G, Catanesi R (2022) Antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose antipsychotic regimens in the residential Italian forensic psychiatric population (REMS). Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.722985","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3913_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.907123","author":"J Mayer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayer J, Vasic N, Wolf V, Steiner I, Klein V, Fritz M et al (2022) Gender differences in the psychopharmacological treatment of forensic in-patients with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.907123","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3913_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231205688","volume":"37","author":"MK McAdam","year":"2023","unstructured":"McAdam MK, Baldessarini RJ, Murphy AL, Gardner DM (2023) Second international consensus study of antipsychotic dosing (ICSAD-2). J Psychopharmacol 37(10):982\u2013991","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3913_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monahan J, Steadman HJ, Silver E, Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Mulvey EP, ... Banks S (2001) Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195138825.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.11.007","volume":"32","author":"TL Nicholls","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nicholls TL, Brink J, Greaves C, Lussier P, Verdun-Jones S (2009) Forensic psychiatric inpatients and aggression: an exploration of incidence, prevalence, severity, and interventions by gender. Int J Law Psychiatry 32(1):23\u201330","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000308","volume":"60","author":"TL Nicholls","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicholls TL, Crocker AG, Seto MC, Wilson CM, Charette Y, C\u00f4t\u00e9 G (2015) The National Trajectory Project of Individuals Found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder. Part 5: how essential are gender-specific forensic psychiatric services? Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr 60(3):135\u2013145","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02336-5","volume":"58","author":"R Oberndorfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oberndorfer R, Alexandrowicz RW, Unger A, Koch M, Markiewicz I, Gosek P et al (2023) Needs of forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia in five European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 58(1):53\u201363","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000333","volume":"20","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odgers CL, Moffitt TE, Broadbent JM, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H et al (2008) Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 20(2):673\u2013716","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3913_CR54","first-page":"67","volume":"7","author":"JE Overall","year":"1974","unstructured":"Overall JE (1974) The brief psychiatric rating scale in psychopharmacology research. Psychol Meas Psychopharmacol 7:67\u201378","journal-title":"Psychol Meas Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3913_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.947","volume":"160","author":"H Putkonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Putkonen H, Komulainen EJ, Virkkunen M, Eronen M, L\u00f6nnqvist J (2003) Risk of repeat offending among violent female offenders with psychotic and personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 160(5):947\u2013951","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"3913_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.7.847","volume":"56","author":"CD Quanbeck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quanbeck CD, Stone DC, McDermott BE, Boone K, Scott CL, Frye MA (2005) Relationship between criminal arrest and community treatment history among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv 56(7):847\u2013852","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30348-0","volume":"4","author":"A Riecher-R\u00f6ssler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riecher-R\u00f6ssler A (2017) Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 4(1):8\u20139","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3913_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-3-5","volume":"3","author":"AR Rosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosa AR, S\u00e1nchez-Moreno J, Mart\u00ednez-Aran A, Salamero M, Torrent C, Reinares M, Comes M, Colom F, Van Riel W, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Kapczinski F, Vieta E (2007) Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 3:5","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"3913_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.02.043","volume":"199","author":"BR Rund","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rund BR (2018) The association between schizophrenia and violence. Schizophr Res 199:39\u201340","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"7298","key":"3913_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7298.1355","volume":"322","author":"DH Rushton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rushton DH, Dover R, Sainsbury AW, Norris MJ, Gilkes JJ, Ramsay ID (2001) Why should women have lower reference limits for haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations than men? BMJ 322(7298):1355\u20131357","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.03.010","volume":"73","author":"DH Rushton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rushton DH, Barth JH (2010) What is the evidence for gender differences in ferritin and haemoglobin? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 73(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/080394800427564","volume":"54","author":"APE Sami R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sami R\u00e4s\u00e4nen APE (2000) Sex differences in schizophrenia: A review. Nord J Psychiatry 54(1):37\u201345","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0047.2004.00305.x","volume":"110","author":"H Schanda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schanda H, Knecht G, Schreinzer D, Stompe T, Ortwein\u2010Swoboda G, Waldhoer T (2004) Homicide and major mental disorders: a 25\u2010year study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110(2):98\u2013107","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"3913_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.515965","volume":"22","author":"S Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith S (2010) Gender differences in antipsychotic prescribing. Int Rev Psychiatry 22(5):472\u2013484","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000458","volume":"45","author":"H Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens H, Laursen TM, Mortensen PB, Agerbo E, Dean K (2015) Post-illness-onset risk of offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 45(11):2447\u20132457","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3913_CR66","volume-title":"The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry","author":"DM Taylor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH (2025) The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry, 15th edition. Wiley","edition":"15th edition"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2017.1332773","volume":"29","author":"N Vasic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vasic N, Segmiller F, Rees F, J\u00e4ger M, Becker T, Ormanns N et al (2018) Psychopharmacologic treatment of in-patients with schizophrenia: comparing forensic and general psychiatry. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 29(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"3913_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.050","volume":"239","author":"N Verdolini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verdolini N, Pacchiarotti I, K\u00f6hler CA, Reinares M, Samalin L, Colom F et al (2018) Violent criminal behavior in the context of bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 239:161\u2013170","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3913_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.12.007","volume":"51","author":"BA V\u00f6llm","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00f6llm BA, Clarke M, Herrando VT, Sepp\u00e4nen AO, Gosek P, Heitzman J et al (2018) European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on forensic psychiatry: evidence based assessment and treatment of mentally disordered offenders. Eur Psychiatry 51:58\u201373","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"06","key":"3913_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.490","volume":"180","author":"E Walsh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walsh E, Buchanan A, Fahy T (2002) Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. Br J Psychiatry 180(06):490\u2013495","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3913_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.11.039","volume":"271","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang S, Zhong S, Mellsop G, Guo H, Li Q et al (2019) Gender differences among homicide offenders with schizophrenia in Hunan Province, China. Psychiatry Res 271:124\u2013130","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001549","volume":"42","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chew QH, Lin SK, Yang SY, Ouyang WC, Chen CK et al (2022) Dosing of mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder patients in the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns Consortium Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 42(3):293\u2013297","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609","volume":"20","author":"LN Yatham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Bond DJ, Frey BN et al (2018) Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments and international society for bipolar disorders 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 20(2):97\u2013170","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"3913_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","volume":"133","author":"RC Young","year":"1978","unstructured":"Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA (1978) A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 133(5):429\u2013435","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3913_CR75","first-page":"18","volume":"27","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Chen H, Ju K, Niu X, Song L, Chiu J (2015) Cross-sectional evaluation of the adequacy of guardianship by family members of community-residing persons with mental disorders in Changning District. Shanghai 27(1):18\u201326","journal-title":"Shanghai"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:32:22Z","timestamp":1791847942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03913-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ankara City Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee No. 2 (approval no. E2-22\u20132968, date: 18.01.2023). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}