{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1791820283921,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004951","name":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSA-2025-15598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2025-15598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004951","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:50:45Z","timestamp":1783410645000},"page":"3747-3755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-based bone age assessment versus forensic expert panel: agreement, sex bias, and ethical implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0068-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beytullah","family":"Ural","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Nezih","family":"K\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talip","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3919_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G (2016) Forensic age estimation: methods, certainty, and the law. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int 113:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"3919_CR2","unstructured":"Child Rights International Network (CRIN) Minimum ages of criminal responsibility in Europe. https:\/\/archive.crin.org\/en\/home\/ages\/europe.html. Accessed 5 Dec 2025"},{"key":"3919_CR3","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye (2004) Turkish Penal Code (Law No. 5237, adopted 26 September 2004). Official Gazette (Resm\u00ee Gazete), No. 25611, 12 October 2004"},{"key":"3919_CR4","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye (2005) Child Protection Law (Law No. 5395, adopted 3 July 2005). Official Gazette (Resm\u00ee Gazete), No. 25876, 15 July 2005"},{"key":"3919_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03157-8","volume":"138","author":"M Cummaudo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cummaudo M, Obertov\u00e1 Z, Lynnerup N, Petaros A, de Boer H, Baccino E et al (2024) Age assessment in unaccompanied minors: assessing uniformity of protocols across Europe. Int J Legal Med 138:983\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03157-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3919_CR6","volume-title":"Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist","author":"WW Greulich","year":"1959","unstructured":"Greulich WW, Pyle SI (1959) Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist, 2nd edn. Stanford University Press, Stanford","edition":"2"},{"key":"3919_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0091","volume":"13","author":"M Prokop-Piotrkowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prokop-Piotrkowska M, Marsza\u0142ek-Dziuba K, Moszczy\u0144ska E, Szalecki M, Jurkiewicz E (2021) Traditional and new methods of bone age assessment-an overview. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 13:251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0091","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"3919_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Grundmann C, Fuhrmann A, Kaatsch HJ, Knell B, Ramsthaler F et al (2008) Criteria for age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 122:457\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3919_CR9","first-page":"15July2018","volume":"30479","author":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye (2018) Presidential Decree 4 on the Organisation of Affiliated, Related and Associated Institutions and Organisations of Ministries and Other Institutions and Organisations. Official Gaz (Resm\u00ee Gazete) 30479:15July2018","journal-title":"Official Gaz (Resm\u00ee Gazete)"},{"key":"3919_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172760","volume":"13","author":"R Najjar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Najjar R (2023) Redefining radiology: a review of artificial intelligence integration in medical imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 13:2760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13172760","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"3919_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03140-9","volume":"138","author":"L Tournois","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tournois L, Trousset V, Hatsch D, Delabarde T, Ludes B, Lef\u00e8vre T (2024) Artificial intelligence in the practice of forensic medicine: a scoping review. Int J Legal Med 138:1023\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03140-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3919_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15115978","volume":"15","author":"IM Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez IM, Bourhim S, Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE (2025) Artificial intelligence-based models for automated bone age assessment from posteroanterior wrist X-rays: a systematic review. Appl Sci 15:5978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15115978","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"3919_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/dir.2024.242790","volume":"31","author":"E \u00d6zmen","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6zmen E, Atalay H\u00d6, Uzer E, Veznikli M (2025) A comparison of two artificial intelligence-based methods for assessing bone age in Turkish children: BoneXpert and VUNO Med-Bone Age. Diagn Interv Radiol 31:630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/dir.2024.242790","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"3919_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130580","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1130580","volume":"14","author":"K Maratova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maratova K, Zemkova D, Sedlak P, Pavlikova M, Amaratunga SA, Krasnicanova H et al (2023) A comprehensive validation study of the latest version of BoneXpert on a large cohort of Caucasian children and adolescents. Front Endocrinol 14:1130580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1130580","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3919_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346050.025","volume":"29","author":"H-K Nam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nam H-K, Lea WW-I, Yang Z, Noh E, Rhie Y-J, Lee K-H et al (2024) Clinical validation of a deep-learning-based bone age software in healthy Korean children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 29:102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/apem.2346050.025","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3919_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheung C, Chan J, Ng C, Lai W, Fung K, Kan E (2024) Validation of artificial intelligence for bone age assessment in Hong Kong children. Hong Kong J Radiol 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12809\/hkjr2317736","DOI":"10.12809\/hkjr2317736"},{"key":"3919_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v29i1.3033","volume":"29","author":"R Minty","year":"2025","unstructured":"Minty R, Mahomed N, van Wyk N, Mndebele G, Lockhat Z, Ranchod A (2025) Comparison of bone age assessment using manual Greulich and Pyle method versus automated BoneXpert method in South African children. S Afr J Radiol 29:3033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajr.v29i1.3033","journal-title":"S Afr J Radiol"},{"key":"3919_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"3919_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2130-3162","volume":"196","author":"D Wittschieber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wittschieber D, Hahnemann ML, Mentzel HJ (2024) Forensic diagnostics of the skeletal age in the living-backgrounds and methodology. Rofo 196:254\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2130-3162","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"3919_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0541-6","volume":"125","author":"M Tis\u00e8","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tis\u00e8 M, Mazzarini L, Fabrizzi G, Ferrante L, Giorgetti R, Tagliabracci A (2011) Applicability of Greulich and Pyle method for age assessment in forensic practice on an Italian sample. Int J Legal Med 125:411\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-010-0541-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3919_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"3919_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.24.143","volume":"24","author":"M Satoh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satoh M (2015) Bone age: assessment methods and clinical applications. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 24:143\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1297\/cpe.24.143","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"3919_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2010.06.007","volume":"17","author":"HH Thodberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thodberg HH, S\u00e4vendahl L (2010) Validation and reference values of automated bone age determination for four ethnicities. Acad Radiol 17:1425\u20131432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2010.06.007","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"3919_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boitsios G, De Leucio A, Preziosi M, Seidel L, G\u00f3mez MPA, Simoni P et al (2021) Are automated and visual Greulich and Pyle-based methods applicable to Caucasian European children with a Moroccan ethnic origin when assessing bone age? Cureus 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.13478","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13478"},{"key":"3919_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.967711","volume":"13","author":"M Satoh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Satoh M, Hasegawa Y (2022) Factors affecting prepubertal and pubertal bone age progression. Front Endocrinol 13:967711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.967711","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3919_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1471-8","volume":"131","author":"HH Thodberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thodberg HH, van Rijn RR, Jenni OG, Martin DD (2017) Automated determination of bone age from hand X-rays at the end of puberty and its applicability for age estimation. Int J Legal Med 131:771\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-016-1471-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3919_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-025-01044-1","author":"M San-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2025","unstructured":"San-Mill\u00e1n M, Holmes T, De Luca S, Hackman L, M\u00e1rquez-Grant N (2025) Assessing skeletal maturity in a UK modern female population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-025-01044-1","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3919_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2008.926067","volume":"28","author":"HH Thodberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thodberg HH, Kreiborg S, Juul A, Pedersen KD (2008) The BoneXpert method for automated determination of skeletal maturity. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 28:52\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2008.926067","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"3919_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-019-04379-4","volume":"49","author":"LS Ording M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ording M\u00fcller LS, Offiah A, Adamsbaum C, Barber I, Di Paolo PL, Humphries P et al (2019) Bone age for chronological age determination-statement of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology musculoskeletal task force group. Pediatr Radiol 49:979\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-019-04379-4","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"3919_CR30","first-page":"85","volume":"30","author":"P Thevissen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thevissen P, Kvaal SI, Dierickx K, Willems G (2012) Ethics in age estimation of unaccompanied minors. J Forensic Odontostomatol 30:85\u2013102","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3919_CR31","first-page":"121","volume":"87","author":"V De Sanctis","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Soliman NA, Elalaily R, Di Maio S, Bedair EM et al (2016) Pros and cons for the medical age assessments in unaccompanied minors: a mini-review. Acta Biomed 87:121\u2013131","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"3919_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1163\/157180911x546101","volume":"18","author":"HDR Abbing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abbing HDR (2011) Age determination of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors in the European Union: a health law perspective. Eur J Health Law 18:11\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/157180911x546101","journal-title":"Eur J Health Law"},{"key":"3919_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001","volume":"4","author":"H Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu H, Shuttleworth KMJ (2024) Medical artificial intelligence and the black box problem: a view based on the ethical principle of do no harm. Intell Med 4:52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001","journal-title":"Intell Med"},{"key":"3919_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.973","volume":"49","author":"AJ London","year":"2019","unstructured":"London AJ (2019) Artificial intelligence and black-box medical decisions: accuracy versus explainability. Hastings Cent Rep 49:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.973","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:42:16Z","timestamp":1791819736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03919-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Atat\u00fcrk University Faculty of Medicine Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval No: B.30.ATA.0.01.00\/769) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Due to the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}