{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:51:25Z","timestamp":1791820285157,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u041a\u041f-06-H51\/4\u201311.11.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041a\u041f-06-H51\/4\u201311.11.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:14:49Z","timestamp":1784186089000},"page":"3831-3847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in hip bone and sacrum morphology: a geometric morphometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Toneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5001-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silviya","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena","family":"Fileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Milenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5298-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Zlatareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90001-C","volume":"21","author":"CB Ruff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ruff CB (1991) Climate and body shape in hominid evolution. J Hum Evol 21:81\u2013105","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22410","volume":"153","author":"L Betti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betti L (2014) Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the os coxae and the effects of microevolutionary processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 153(2):167\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22410","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01425-z","volume":"5","author":"B Fischer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fischer B, Grunstra NDS, Zaffarini E, Mitteroecker P (2021) Sex differences in the pelvis did not evolve de novo in modern humans. Nat Ecol Evol 5:625\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-021-01425-z","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3S","key":"3925_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010","volume":"230","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mitteroecker P, Fischer B (2024) Evolution of the human birth canal. Am J Obstet Gynecol 230(3S):S841\u2013S855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330150409","volume":"15","author":"BJ Boucher","year":"1957","unstructured":"Boucher BJ (1957) Sex differences in the foetal pelvis. Am J Phys Anthropol 15(4):581\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330150409","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"19","key":"3925_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517085113","volume":"113","author":"A Huseynov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huseynov A, Zollikofer CP, Coudyzer W, Gascho D, Kellenberger C, Hinzpeter R, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2016) Developmental evidence for obstetric adaptation of the human female pelvis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(19):5227\u20135232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1517085113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36703-2","volume":"13","author":"AM Kubicka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kubicka AM (2023) Changes in plasticity of the pelvic girdle from infancy to late adulthood in Homo sapiens. Sci Rep 13(1):9698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-36703-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06156-y","volume":"7","author":"T Kanahashi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanahashi T, Matsubayashi J, Imai H, Yamada S, Otani H, Takakuwa T (2024) Sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis exists at the onset of primary ossification. Commun Biol 7(1):538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-06156-y","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23549","volume":"300","author":"B Fischer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fischer B, Mitteroecker P (2017) Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Pelvis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 300(4):698\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23549","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"3925_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22243","volume":"151","author":"HK Kurki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurki HK (2013) Bony pelvic canal size and shape in relation to body proportionality in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:88\u2013101","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.02.021","volume":"73","author":"L Betti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betti L, von Cramon-Taubadel N, Manica A, Lycett SJ (2014) The interaction of neutral evolutionary processes with climatically-driven adaptive changes in the 3D shape of the human os coxae. J Hum Evol 73:64\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.02.021","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13008","volume":"61","author":"AR Klales","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klales AR (2016) Secular change in morphological pelvic traits used for sex estimation. J Forensic Sci 61(2):295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13008","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","volume":"30","author":"TW Phenice","year":"1969","unstructured":"Phenice TW (1969) A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 30(2):297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3925_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1078\/0018-442x-00049","volume":"53","author":"ML Patriquin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patriquin ML, Loth SR, Steyn M (2003) Sexually dimorphic pelvic morphology in South African whites and blacks. HOMO 53(3):255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0018-442x-00049","journal-title":"HOMO"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10422","volume":"127","author":"PL Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker PL (2005) Greater sciatic notch morphology: sex, age, and population differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 127(4):385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10422","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22102","volume":"149","author":"AR Klales","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klales AR, Ousley SD, Vollner JM (2012) A revised method of sexing the human hip using Phenice\u2019s nonmetric traits and statistical methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 149(1):104\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22102","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR17","first-page":"104745","volume":"58","author":"L Conner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conner L, Evin A, Evis L, McKenzie C, Plomp K, Ameen C (2024) Estimating osteological sex using predictive geometric morphometric analyses of the greater sciatic notch. J Archaeol Sci Rep 58:104745","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Rep"},{"key":"3925_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110346","volume":"314","author":"K Kilmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kilmer K, Garvin H (2020) Outline analysis of sex and population variation in greater sciatic notch and obturator foramen morphology with implications for sex estimation. Forensic Sci Int 314:110346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110346","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00080.x","volume":"51","author":"GA Listi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Listi GA, Bassett HE (2006) Test of an alternative method for determining sex from the os coxae: applications for modern Americans. J Forensic Sci 51(2):248\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00080.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"3925_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.58.4-6_265","volume":"58","author":"K Kimura","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kimura K (1982) Sex Differences of the Hip Bone among Several Populations. Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 58(4\u20136):265\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2535\/ofaj1936.58.4-6_265","journal-title":"Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica"},{"key":"3925_CR21","first-page":"221","volume":"172","author":"N Milne","year":"1990","unstructured":"Milne N (1990) Sexing of human hip bones. J Anat 172:221\u2013226","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3925_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01739-6","volume":"74","author":"YC Luo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Luo YC (1995) Sex determination from the pubis by discriminant function analysis. Forensic Sci Int 74(1\u20132):89\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01739-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01803.x","volume":"56","author":"SJ Decker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Decker SJ, Davy-Jow SL, Ford JM, Hilbelink DR (2011) Virtual determination of sex: metric and nonmetric traits of the adult pelvis from 3D computed tomography models. J Forensic Sci 56(5):1107\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01803.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.04.022","volume":"179","author":"M Steyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steyn M, I\u015fcan MY (2008) Metric sex determination from the pelvis in modern Greeks. Forensic Sci Int 179(1):86.e1-86.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.04.022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"3925_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.07.009","volume":"191","author":"M Steyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steyn M, Patriquin ML (2009) Osteometric sex determination from the pelvis \u2013 does population specificity matter? Forensic Sci Int 191(1\u20133):113.e1-113.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.07.009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0999-8","volume":"128","author":"D Franklin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Franklin D, Cardini A, Flavel A, Marks MK (2014) Morphometric analysis of pelvic sexual dimorphism in a contemporary Western Australian population. Int J Legal Med 128(5):861\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-0999-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3925_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4000\/bmsap.1157","volume":"17","author":"P Murail","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murail P, Br\u016f\u017eek J, Hou\u00ebt F, Cunha E (2005) DSP: a tool for probabilistic sex diagnosis using worldwide variability in hip-bone measurements. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 17:167\u2013176","journal-title":"Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23282","volume":"164","author":"J Br\u016f\u017eek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Br\u016f\u017eek J, Santos F, Dutailly B, Murail P, Cunha E (2017) Validation and reliability of the sex estimation of the human os coxae using freely available DSP2 software for bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 164(2):440\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23282","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.011","volume":"297","author":"EF Kranioti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kranioti EF, \u0160\u0165ov\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 L, Karell MA, Br\u016f\u017eek J (2019) Sex estimation of os coxae using DSP2 software: A validation study of a Greek sample. Forensic Sci Int 297:371.e1-371.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.33192\/Smj.2022.40","volume":"74","author":"N Sangchay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sangchay N, Dzetkuli\u010dov\u00e1 V, Zuppello M, Chetsawang J (2022) Consideration of accuracy and observational error analysis in pelvic sex assessment: a study in a Thai cadaveric human population. Siriraj Med J 74(5):330\u2013339","journal-title":"Siriraj Med J"},{"key":"3925_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1033-x","volume":"128","author":"M Djorojevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djorojevic M, Roldan C, Garcia-Parra P, Aleman I, Botella M (2014) Morphometric sex estimation from 3D computed tomography os coxae model and its validation in skeletal remains. Int J Legal Med 128:879\u2013888","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03358-1","volume":"139","author":"M San-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2025","unstructured":"San-Mill\u00e1n M, Warrier V, Carrera A, Reina F (2025) Application of DSP2 for biological sex estimation in a Spanish sample: analysis based on sex and side. Int J Legal Med 139(2):847\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03358-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3925_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86197-3","volume":"15","author":"R Sorrentino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sorrentino R, Pietrobelli A, Mameli D, Nicolosi T, Belcastro MG (2025) The extent of the hip bone sexual dimorphism in two Italian coeval modern skeletal samples. Sci Rep 15:2439","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"3925_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070866","volume":"14","author":"D Toneva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Toneva D, Nikolova S, Agre G, Fileva N, Milenov G, Zlatareva D (2025) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Coxal Bone Measurements for Sex Estimation via Machine Learning. Biology 14(7):866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14070866","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330490116","volume":"49","author":"LB Flander","year":"1978","unstructured":"Flander LB (1978) Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum. Am J Phys Anthropol 49(1):103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330490116","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"3925_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1537\/ase1911.90.Supplement_153","volume":"90","author":"K Kimura","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kimura K (1982) A base-wing index for sexing the sacrum. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 90(Suppl.):153\u2013162","journal-title":"J Anthropol Soc Nippon"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00947.x","volume":"54","author":"S Benazzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benazzi S, Maestri C, Parisini S, Vecchi F, Gruppioni G (2009) Sex assessment from the sacral base by means of image processing. J Forensic Sci 54(2):249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00947.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"3925_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.03.022","volume":"221","author":"WD Zech","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zech WD, Hatch G, Siegenthaler L, Thali MJ, L\u00f6sch S (2012) Sex determination from os sacrum by postmortem CT. Forensic Sci Int 221(1\u20133):39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.03.022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22926","volume":"159","author":"KM Rusk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rusk KM, Ousley SD (2016) An evaluation of sex- and ancestry-specific variation in sacral size and shape using geometric morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 159(4):646\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22926","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2017.01.001","volume":"9","author":"S Torimitsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, Sakuma A, Ishii N, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Chiba F, Yamaguchi R, Hashimoto M, Hoshioka Y, Iwase H (2017) Sex determination based on sacral and coccygeal measurements using multidetector computed tomography in a contemporary Japanese population. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 9:8\u201312","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"3925_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.10.001","volume":"60","author":"B Gaya-Sancho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaya-Sancho B, Alem\u00e1n Aguilera I, Navarro-Mu\u00f1oz JJ, Botella L\u00f3pez M (2018) Sex determination in a Spanish population based on sacrum. J Forensic Leg Med 60:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.10.001","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"3925_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109955","volume":"303","author":"Y Etli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Etli Y, Asirdizer M, Hekimoglu Y, Keskin S, Yavuz A (2019) Sex estimation from sacrum and coccyx with discriminant analyses and neural networks in an equally distributed population by age and sex. Forensic Sci Int 303:109955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109955","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3925_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-021-00227-5","volume":"11","author":"RS Bakici","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakici RS, Oner Z, Oner S (2021) The analysis of sacrum and coccyx length measured with computerized tomography images depending on sex. Egypt J Forensic Sci 11:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41935-021-00227-5","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3925_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101824","volume":"48","author":"N Naksuwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naksuwan N, Parasompong N, Praihirunkit P, Aobaom S, Khamphikham P (2021) Sacral morphometrics for sex estimation of dead cases in Central Thailand. Leg Med (Tokyo) 48:101824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101824","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02724-7","volume":"136","author":"T Lottering","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lottering T, Hemingway J, Small C (2022) An exploration of sacral morphology using geometric morphometrics and three-dimensionally derived interlandmark distances. Int J Legal Med 136(4):1051\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02724-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38629","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38629","volume":"15","author":"S Saluja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saluja S, Tigga SR, Das SS, Thakur A (2023) Determination of Sexual Dimorphism of the Human Sacrum Based on Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis of Morphometric Parameters. Cureus 15(5):e38629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.38629","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3925_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109873","volume":"302","author":"J Coelho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coelho J, Curate F (2019) CADOES: An interactive machine-learning approach for sex estimation with the pelvis. Forensic Sci Int 302:109873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109873","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3925_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02148-4","volume":"134","author":"E Nikita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikita E, Nikitas P (2019) Sex estimation: a comparison of techniques based on binary logistic, probit and cumulative probit regression, linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, neural networks, and na\u00efve Bayes classification using ordinal variables. Int J Legal Med 134(3):1213\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-019-02148-4","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3925_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/jasi.jasi_280_20","volume":"71","author":"Y Secgin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Secgin Y, Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S (2022) Gender prediction with the parameters obtained from pelvis computed tomography images and machine learning algorithms. J Anat Soc India 71:204\u2013209","journal-title":"J Anat Soc India"},{"issue":"3","key":"3925_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.2024369","volume":"7","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Chen Y, Vieira DN, Chen F, Zhang J, Huang P (2022) Use of deep learning in forensic sex estimation of virtual pelvic models from the Han population. Forensic Sci Res 7(3):540\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2021.2024369","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3925_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03268-2","volume":"138","author":"M Epain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Epain M, Valette S, Zou K, Faisan S, Heitz F, Croisille P, Fracasso T, Fanton L (2024) Sex estimation from coxal bones using deep learning in a population balanced by sex and age. Int J Legal Med 138(6):2617\u20132623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03268-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01374.x","volume":"55","author":"JA Bytheway","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bytheway JA, Ross AH (2010) A geometric morphometric approach to sex determination of the human adult os coxa. J Forensic Sci 55(4):859\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01374.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12528","volume":"230","author":"NC Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez NC, Rasc\u00f3n P\u00e9rez J, Chamero B, Cambra-Moo O, Gonz\u00e1lez Mart\u00edn A (2017) Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae. J Anat 230(1):66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12528","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"3925_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02282.x","volume":"58","author":"E Anastasiou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anastasiou E, Chamberlain AT (2013) The sexual dimorphism of the sacro-iliac joint: an investigation using geometric morphometric techniques. J Forensic Sci 58(Suppl. 1):S126-134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02282.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264770","volume":"17","author":"VA Krenn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krenn VA, Webb NM, Fornai C, Haeusler M (2022) Sex classification using the human sacrum: geometric morphometrics versus conventional approaches. PLoS One 17(4):e0264770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264770","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"3925_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0804-0","volume":"30","author":"PHJ Amorim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amorim PHJ, de Moraes TF, Azevedo F, Lopes da Silva JV (2011) InVesalius: An interactive rendering framework for health care support. World Journal of Urology 30(6):687\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-011-0804-0","journal-title":"World Journal of Urology"},{"key":"3925_CR57","unstructured":"Cignoni P, Callieri M, Corsini M, Dellepiane M, Ganovelli F, Ranzuglia G (2008) MeshLab: An open-source mesh processing tool. In: Scarano V, de Chiara R, Erra U (Eds) Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Proceedings of the Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy, 2\u20134 July 2008, Eurographics Association, Salerno, 129\u2013136"},{"issue":"1","key":"3925_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20616","volume":"134","author":"N von Cramon-Taubadel","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Cramon-Taubadel N, Frazier BC, Lahr MM (2007) The problem of assessing landmark error in geometric morphometrics: theory, methods, and modifications. Am J Phys Anthropol 134(1):24\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20616","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3925_CR59","unstructured":"JupyterLab (2024) Project Jupyter. Available online: https:\/\/jupyter.org (accessed on 13 March 2024)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","volume":"4","author":"DC Adams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams DC, Ot\u00e1rola-Castillo E (2013) Geomorph: an R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data. Methods Ecol Evol 4(4):393\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3925_CR61","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, Blondel M, Prettenhofer P, Weiss R, Dubourg V (2011) Scikit-Learn Machine Learning in Python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825\u20132830","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3925_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter JD (2007) Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in Science & Engineering 9(3):90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","journal-title":"Computing in Science & Engineering"},{"issue":"60","key":"3925_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","volume":"6","author":"ML Waskom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waskom ML (2021) Seaborn: Statistical data visualization. Journal of Open Source Software 6(60):3021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.03021","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"3925_CR64","unstructured":"Plotly Technologies Inc. (2015) Plotly: Collaborative data science. Available online: https:\/\/plotly.com\/python (accessed on 20 July 2025)"},{"key":"3925_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virtanen P, Gommers R, Oliphant TE et al (2020) SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python. Nature Methods 17:261\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"31","key":"3925_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","volume":"3","author":"R Vallat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vallat R (2018) Pingouin: statistics in Python. Journal of Open Source Software 3(31):1026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01026","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"3925_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris CR, Millman KJ, van der Walt SJ, Gommers R, Virtanen P, \u2026 Oliphant TE (2020) Array programming with NumPy. Nature. 585:357\u2013362. 10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2"},{"key":"3925_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002","unstructured":"Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S, 4th Edn. Springer, New York","edition":"4th Edn"},{"key":"3925_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12817","volume":"60","author":"S Mestekova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mestekova S, Bruzek J, Veleminska J, Chaumoitre K (2015) A test of the DSP sexing method on CT images from a modern French sample. J Forensic Sci 60:1295\u20131299","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3925_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.012","volume":"189","author":"PN Gonzalez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez PN, Bernal V, Perez SI (2009) Geometric morphometric approach to sex estimation of human pelvis. Forensic Sci Int 189:68\u201374","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3925_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265754","volume":"17","author":"K Baca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baca K, Bridge B, Snow M (2022) Three-dimensional geometric morphometric sex determination of the whole and modeled fragmentary human pubic bone. PLoS One 17(4):e0265754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265754","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3925_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1078\/0018-442x-00076","volume":"54","author":"M Steyn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steyn M, Pretorius E, Hutten L (2004) Geometric morphometric analysis of the greater sciatic notch in South Africans. HOMO 54(3):197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0018-442x-00076","journal-title":"HOMO"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"3925_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.027","volume":"221","author":"JA G\u00f3mez-Vald\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Vald\u00e9s JA, Quinto-S\u00e1nchez M, Men\u00e9ndez Garmendia A, Veleminska J, S\u00e1nchez-Mejorada G, Bruzek J (2012) Comparison of methods to determine sex by evaluating the greater sciatic notch: Visual, angular and geometric morphometrics. Forensic Sci Int 221(1\u20133):156.e1-156.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.027","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3925_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3389","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.3389","volume":"35","author":"SR Rennie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rennie SR, Tamminen HM (2025) Assessing the Greater Sciatic Notch With 2-D Shape Analysis for Sex Estimation. Int J Osteoarchaeol 35:e3389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.3389","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"3925_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199602)99:2<287::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"99","author":"LD Hager","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hager LD (1996) Sex Differences in the Sciatic Notch of Great Apes and Modern Humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 99:287\u2013300","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3925_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-019-00513-2","volume":"95","author":"K Nishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nishi K, Saiki K, Oyamada J, Okamoto K, Ogami-Takamura K, Hasegawa T, Moriuchi T, Sakamoto J, Higashi T, Tsurumoto T, Manabe Y (2020) Sex-based differences in human sacroiliac joint shape: a three-dimensional morphological analysis of the iliac auricular surface of modern Japanese macerated bones. Anat Sci Int 95(2):219\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12565-019-00513-2","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"3925_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.037","volume":"234","author":"T Chapman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chapman T, Lefevre P, Semal P, Moiseev F, Sholukha V, Louryan S, Rooze M, van Sint Jan S (2014) Sex determination using the Probabilistic Sex Diagnosis (DSP: Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste) tool in a virtual environment. Forensic Sci Int 234:189.e1-189.e8","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3925_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22870","volume":"28","author":"VA Tobolsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tobolsky VA, Kurki HK, Stock JT (2016) Patterns of directional asymmetry in the pelvis and pelvic canal. Am J Hum Biol 28:804\u2013810","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"3925_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23546","volume":"300","author":"HK Kurki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurki HK (2017) Bilateral asymmetry in the human pelvis. Anat Rec 300:653\u2013665","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13379","volume":"238","author":"K Handrich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Handrich K, Kamer L, Mayo K, Sawaguchi T, Noser H, Arand C, Wagner D, Rommens PM (2021) Asymmetry of the pelvic ring evaluated by CT-based 3D statistical modeling. J Anat 238(5):1225\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13379","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"3925_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310070407","volume":"7","author":"MY Is\u00e7an","year":"1995","unstructured":"Is\u00e7an MY, Yoshino M, Kato S (1995) Sexual dimorphism in modem Japanese crania. Am J Hum Biol 7:459\u2013464","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"3925_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham C, Scheuer L, Black S (2000) Developmental Juvenile Osteology. 1st Edn, Academic Press, Amsterdam","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012624000-9\/50004-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"3925_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1522","volume":"94","author":"S Iuliano-Burns","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iuliano-Burns S, Hopper J, Seeman E (2009) The age of puberty determines sexual dimorphism in bone structure: A male\/female co-twin control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(5):1638\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1522","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:41:53Z","timestamp":1791819713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03925-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (No. 19\/12.10.2022).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}