{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:51:32Z","timestamp":1791820292190,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02dxpep57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) in forensic investigations has increased during recent years. PMCT differs from clinical CT due to the inevitable manifestation of postmortem changes that varies significantly between cases. However, differentiating between gas with an antemortem origin (e.g. gas embolism) vs. gas with a postmortem (putrefactive gas) origin presents a critical challenge in forensic medicine. This scoping review evaluated how gas distribution patterns on PMCT may aid in determining gas origin. In accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. 10,133 records were identified, of which 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, evidence was limited and heterogeneous, with substantial variation in terminology, gas assessment methods and study populations. Evidence suggests that differentiating pathological gas from putrefactive, resuscitation-related artefacts, and postmortem effects such as off-gassing remains a significant diagnostic challenge postmortem. Nevertheless, certain early PMCT patterns may assist interpretation. Within the first 24\u00a0h postmortem, intravascular and cardiac gas more commonly reflect systemic or traumatic mechanisms, although putrefaction cannot be excluded. Isolated cardiac gas may result from resuscitation efforts, whereas combined cardiac and intrahepatic gas more strongly suggests decomposition. In diving fatalities, embolic gas findings may be compounded by postmortem off-gassing as well as decomposition changes, and should be interpreted alongside dive profiles and, where available, gas sampling. Small gas collections adjacent to laryngeal structures may indicate trauma when other sources and decomposition are excluded. Overall, integrating PMCT gas distribution with contextual information and ancillary analyses may help understand gas origin, but further targeted research is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:30:16Z","timestamp":1784856616000},"page":"3565-3582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medico-legal interpretations of gas on postmortem CT: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Gelius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"M\u00f6llby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bergdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garyfalia","family":"Ampanozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8246-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15217","volume":"68","author":"SL Lathrop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lathrop SL, Wiest PW, Andrews SW et al (2023) Can computed tomography replace or supplement autopsy? J Forensic Sci 68:524\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15217","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3930_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2012.10.003","volume":"1","author":"M Baglivo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baglivo M, Winklhofer S, Hatch GM, Ampanozi G, Thali MJ, Ruder TD (2013) The rise of forensic and post-mortem radiology\u2014Analysis of the literature between the year 2000 and 2011. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 1:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2012.10.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"3930_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240192","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.240192","volume":"45","author":"N Solomon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solomon N, Elifritz J, Adolphi NL et al (2025) Postmortem CT: Applications in Clinical and Forensic Medicine. Radiographics 45:e240192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.240192","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"3930_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2024.200595","volume":"37","author":"N Khmara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khmara N, Baumeister R, Schweitzer W, Thali M, Ampanozi G (2024) Virtopsy concept around the world: Institute-based survey of worldwide forensic postmortem imaging. Forensic Imaging 37:200595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fri.2024.200595","journal-title":"Forensic Imaging"},{"key":"3930_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-022-00540-y","volume":"18","author":"A Gershon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gershon A, Kim PJH, Ball CG (2022) Post mortem computed tomography is highly sensitive for pyelonephritis. A radiologic-pathologic correlation series. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 18:450\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-022-00540-y","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02999-y","volume":"137","author":"C Egger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Egger C, Wiskott K, Vaucher P et al (2023) Post-mortem changes of the vascular system\u2014a thanatological study using multidetector computed tomography. Int J Legal Med 137:1109\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02999-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2010.05.005","volume":"12","author":"A Christe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christe A, Flach P, Ross S et al (2010) Clinical radiology and postmortem imaging (Virtopsy) are not the same: Specific and unspecific postmortem signs. Leg Med (Tokyo) 12:215\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2010.05.005","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3930_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PAT.0000461570.97781.03","volume":"47","author":"C Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou C, Byard RW (2015) Accelerated autolysis and putrefaction at autopsy. Pathology 47:S86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PAT.0000461570.97781.03","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"3930_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.020","volume":"222","author":"FT Gebhart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gebhart FT, Brogdon BG, Zech WD, Thali MJ, Germerott T (2012) Gas at postmortem computed tomography\u2013an evaluation of 73 non-putrefied trauma and non-trauma cases. Forensic Sci Int 222:162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.2022.J046","volume":"257","author":"S Okumura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okumura S, Usui A, Kawasumi Y, Odagiri H, Funayama M, Kaneta T (2022) Diagnostic Accuracy of Liver Damage Based on Postmortem Computed Tomography Findings in High-Energy Trauma. Tohoku J Exp Med 257:327\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.2022.J046","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"3930_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.05.014","volume":"253","author":"R Yamaguchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamaguchi R, Makino Y, Chiba F et al (2015) Fatal Clostridium perfringens septicemia suggested by postmortem computed tomography: A medico-legal autopsy case report. Forensic Sci Int 253:e4\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.05.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420706","volume":"342","author":"CM Muth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muth CM, Shank ES (2000) Gas embolism. N Engl J Med 342:476\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200002173420706","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3930_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2779-0","volume":"23","author":"I Le Blanc-Louvry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Blanc-Louvry I, Thureau S, Duval C et al (2013) Post-mortem computed tomography compared to forensic autopsy findings: a French experience. Eur Radiol 23:1829\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-013-2779-0","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109297","volume":"132","author":"U Hueck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hueck U, Muggenthaler H, Hubig M et al (2020) Forensic postmortem computed tomography in suspected unnatural adult deaths. Eur J Radiol 132:109297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109297","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.006","volume":"225","author":"B Daly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daly B, Abboud S, Ali Z, Sliker C, Fowler D (2013) Comparison of whole-body post mortem 3D CT and autopsy evaluation in accidental blunt force traumatic death using the abbreviated injury scale classification. Forensic Sci Int 225:20\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02874-2","volume":"136","author":"JR Lyness","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyness JR, Collins AJ, Rutty JE, Rutty GN (2022) Comparison of findings identified at traditional invasive autopsy and postmortem computed tomography in suicidal hangings. Int J Legal Med 136:1865\u20131881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02874-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61085-9","volume":"377","author":"RD Vann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vann RD, Butler FK, Mitchell SJ, Moon RE (2011) Decompression illness. Lancet 377:153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61085-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3930_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.11.008","volume":"157","author":"HM de Bakker","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Bakker HM, Tijsterman M, de Bakker-Teunissen OJG, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, van Hulst RA, de Bakker BS (2020) Prevalence of pulmonary bullae and blebs in postmortem CT imaging with potential implications for diving medicine. Chest 157:916\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2019.11.008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.13.12063","volume":"203","author":"P-E Laurent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laurent P-E, Coulange M, Mancini J et al (2014) Postmortem CT Appearance of Gas Collections in Fatal Diving Accidents. Am J Roentgenol 203:468\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.13.12063","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"3930_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.28920\/dhm47.2.75-81","volume":"47","author":"V Varlet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varlet V, Dominguez A, Augsburger M et al (2017) Understanding scuba diving fatalities: carbon dioxide concentrations in intra-cardiac gas. Diving Hyperb Med 47:75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28920\/dhm47.2.75-81","journal-title":"Diving Hyperb Med"},{"key":"3930_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.1999.00615.x","volume":"43","author":"J Oliver","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oliver J, Lyons TJ, Harle R (2002) The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of arterial gas embolism in fatal diving accidents in Tasmania. Australas Radiol 43:37\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1673.1999.00615.x","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W et al (2018) PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 169:467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03262-8","volume":"138","author":"A Tyr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tyr A, Heldring N, Zilg B (2024) Examining the use of alternative light sources in medico-legal assessments of blunt-force trauma: a systematic review. Int J Legal Med 138:1925\u20131938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03262-8","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-024-02313-3","volume":"24","author":"EJ Holvast","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holvast EJ, Celik MA, Phillips MJ, Wilson LAB (2024) Do morphometric data improve phylogenetic reconstruction? A systematic review and assessment. BMC Ecol Evol 24:127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12862-024-02313-3","journal-title":"BMC Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3930_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000198733.22654.de","volume":"62","author":"C Jackowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jackowski C, Sonnenschein M, Thali MJ et al (2007) Intrahepatic Gas at Postmortem Computed Tomography: Forensic Experience as a Potential Guide for In Vivo Trauma Imaging. J Trauma: Injury Infect Crit Care 62:979\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000198733.22654.de","journal-title":"J Trauma: Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"3930_CR26","first-page":"25","volume":"22","author":"S Shiotani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N, Yamazaki K, Nakayama H, Watanabe K (2004) Postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) demonstration of the relation between gastrointestinal (GI) distension and hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG). Radiat Med 22:25\u201329","journal-title":"Radiat Med"},{"key":"3930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2011.03.002","volume":"13","author":"M Ishida","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishida M, Gonoi W, Hagiwara K et al (2011) Intravascular gas distribution in the upper abdomen of non-traumatic in-hospital death cases on postmortem computed tomography. Leg Med 13:174\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2011.03.002","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"3930_CR28","first-page":"225","volume":"23","author":"S Shiotani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shiotani S, Kohno M, Ohashi N, Atake S, Yamazaki K, Nakayama H (2005) Cardiovascular gas on non-traumatic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT): the influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Radiat Med 23:225\u2013229","journal-title":"Radiat Med"},{"key":"3930_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.06.007","volume":"93","author":"FJJ Halbertsma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halbertsma FJJ, Mohns T, Bok LA, Niemarkt HJ, Kramer BW (2015) Prevalence of systemic air-embolism after prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in newborns: A pilot study. Resuscitation 93:96\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.06.007","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"3930_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.03.010","volume":"251","author":"V Varlet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Varlet V, Smith F, Giuliani N et al (2015) When gas analysis assists with postmortem imaging to diagnose causes of death. Forensic Sci Int 251:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.03.010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-022-01448-x","volume":"127","author":"C Giaconi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giaconi C, Manetti AC, Turco S et al (2022) Post-mortem computer tomography in ten cases of death while diving: a retrospective evaluation. Radiol Med 127:318\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-022-01448-x","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"3930_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5114\/amsik.2019.89236","volume":"69","author":"O Lopatin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopatin O, Moskala A, Wozniak K, Bolechala F (2019) Analysis of cases of traumatic pneumothorax - conclusions based on post-mortem CT examinations for routine autopsy diagnostics. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol 69:56\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/amsik.2019.89236","journal-title":"Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol"},{"key":"3930_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-00162-x","volume":"16","author":"A Borowska-Solonynko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borowska-Solonynko A, Koczyk K, Blacha K, Prokopowicz V (2019) Significance of intracranial gas on post-mortem computed tomography in traumatic cases in the context of medico-legal opinions. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 16:3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-019-00162-x","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3930_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-009-0372-x","volume":"28","author":"S Shiotani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shiotani S, Ueno Y, Atake S et al (2010) Nontraumatic postmortem computed tomographic demonstration of cerebral gas embolism following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Japanese J Radiol 28:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-009-0372-x","journal-title":"Japanese J Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-0034-3","volume":"14","author":"V Chatzaraki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatzaraki V, Tappero C, Thali MJ, Schweitzer W (2018) Death by hanging: a retrospective case-control investigation of the intervertebral disc vacuum phenomenon on PMCT. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14:484\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-018-0034-3","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3930_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111049","volume":"330","author":"S Kudo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kudo S, Kawasumi Y, Usui A et al (2022) Cervical intervertebral separation caused by trauma on post-mortem computed tomography: Possibility of a diagnosis based on intervertebral gas. Forensic Sci Int 330:111049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111049","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02732-7","volume":"136","author":"MN Hussein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussein MN, Heinemann A, Shokry DA, Elgebely M, Pueschel K, Hassan FM (2021) Postmortem computed tomography differentiation between intraperitoneal decomposition gas and pneumoperitoneum. Int J Legal Med 136:229\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02732-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.033","volume":"214","author":"F Fischer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischer F, Grimm J, Kirchhoff C, Reiser MF, Graw M, Kirchhoff S (2012) Postmortem 24-h interval computed tomography findings on intrahepatic gas development and changes of liver parenchyma radiopacity. Forensic Sci Int 214:118\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.033","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-009-0337-0","volume":"27","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Higuchi T, Shiotani M, Maeda H, Hirose Y (2009) Intrahepatic gas at postmortem multislice computed tomography in cases of nontraumatic death. Jpn J Radiol 27:264\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-009-0337-0","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0542-5","volume":"126","author":"C Egger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Egger C, Bize P, Vaucher P et al (2012) Distribution of artifactual gas on post-mortem multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Int J Legal Med 126:3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-010-0542-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/dir.2025.253677","author":"V Cakmak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cakmak V, Izci A, Donmez T, Zulfugarli Z, Kurtulus Dereli A, Acar K (2025) The relationship between hypostasis and gas detected in postmortem computed tomography and the postmortem interval. Diagn Interv Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/dir.2025.253677","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2966","volume":"33","author":"AB Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith AB, Lattin GE Jr., Berran P, Harcke HT (2012) Common and expected postmortem CT observations involving the brain: mimics of antemortem pathology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:1387\u20131391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2966","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"3930_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0686-6","volume":"126","author":"C Egger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Egger C, Vaucher P, Doenz F, Palmiere C, Mangin P, Grabherr S (2012) Development and validation of a postmortem radiological alteration index: the RA-Index. Int J Legal Med 126:559\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0686-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01052-6","volume":"124","author":"G Cartocci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cartocci G, Santurro A, Neri M et al (2019) Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) radiological findings and assessment in advanced decomposed bodies. Radiol Med 124:1018\u20131027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-019-01052-6","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"3930_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00356-2","volume":"17","author":"DLC Guebelin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guebelin DLC, Dobay A, Ebert L, Betschart E, Thali MJ, Franckenberg S (2021) Correlation of age, sex and season with the state of human decomposition as quantified by postmortem computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 17:185\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-021-00356-2","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3930_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170479","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170479","volume":"91","author":"K Schulze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schulze K, Ebert LC, Ruder TD et al (2018) The gas bubble sign-a reliable indicator of laryngeal fractures in hanging on post-mortem CT. Br J Radiol 91:20170479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20170479","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"3930_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0683-4","volume":"105","author":"M Oehmichen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oehmichen M, Gehl HB, Meissner C et al (2003) Forensic pathological aspects of postmortem imaging of gunshot injury to the head: documentation and biometric data. Acta Neuropathol 105:570\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-003-0683-4","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"3930_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197803000-00012","volume":"187","author":"PR Liebman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Liebman PR, Patten MT, Manny J, Benfield JR, Hechtman HB (1978) Hepatic\u2013portal venous gas in adults: etiology, pathophysiology and clinical significance. Ann Surg 187:281\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000658-197803000-00012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3930_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.12.1367","volume":"138","author":"N Peloponissios","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peloponissios N, Halkic N, Pugnale M et al (2003) Hepatic portal gas in adults: review of the literature and presentation of a consecutive series of 11 cases. Arch Surg 138:1367\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archsurg.138.12.1367","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"3930_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.05.019","volume":"149","author":"C Jackowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jackowski C, Schweitzer W, Thali M et al (2005) Virtopsy: postmortem imaging of the human heart in situ using MSCT and MRI. Forensic Sci Int 149:11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.05.019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3930_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.05.0222","volume":"187","author":"E Aghayev","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aghayev E, Sonnenschein M, Jackowski C et al (2006) Postmortem Radiology of Fatal Hemorrhage: Measurements of Cross-Sectional Areas of Major Blood Vessels and Volumes of Aorta and Spleen on MDCT and Volumes of Heart Chambers on MRI. Am J Roentgenol 187:209\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.05.0222","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"3930_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell C, Elifritz J, Filograna L et al (2025) White paper by the international society of forensic imaging guidelines working group on non-contrast PMCT for SCUBA-related fatalities. Forensic Imaging 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fri.2025.200636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2025.200636"},{"key":"3930_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-011-0662-6","volume":"127","author":"PE Laurent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laurent PE, Coulange M, Bartoli C et al (2013) Appearance of gas collections after scuba diving death: a computed tomography study in a porcine model. Int J Legal Med 127:177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-011-0662-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3930_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2008.03.005","volume":"10","author":"MA Andenmatten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andenmatten MA, Thali MJ, Kneubuehl BP et al (2008) Gunshot injuries detected by post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT): A feasibility study. Leg Med 10:287\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2008.03.005","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"3930_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22334","volume":"27","author":"I Gohil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gohil I, Vilensky JA, Weber EC (2013) Vacuum phenomenon: Clinical relevance. Clin Anat 27:455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.22334","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"3930_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.11.055","volume":"33","author":"K Omori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Omori K, Ishikawa K, Obinata M et al (2015) Significance of the vacuum phenomenon in patients with trauma evaluated by whole-body computed tomography. Am J Emerg Med 33:282\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.11.055","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3930_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","volume":"18","author":"Z Munn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E (2018) Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 18:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:41:49Z","timestamp":1791819709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03930-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No animals were sacrificed for the purpose of our study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Financial interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}