{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:12:58Z","timestamp":1792782778005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02dxpep57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Basal fatty tubular vacuolisation (BFTV) of the kidneys has mostly been associated with ketoacidosis. Its occurrence in paracetamol intoxication has not been described. Paracetamol in overdose is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic but does not cause ketoacidosis. This study aimed at investigating whether BFTV occurs in paracetamol intoxication. The Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine database was searched for the Uppsala area for 2016\u20132024 for paracetamol intoxication cases with kidney samples taken. Two equally-sized control groups, matched for age, sex and\n                    <jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                    interval, were selected from the same period: other intoxications and hangings. The kidney slides were evaluated by both authors for BFTV according to the scale \u201cnone-possible-scant-easily identifiable\u201d. The kidney slides were also marked with ten fields and evaluated for the number of fields with BFTV and for the number of fields with formalin pigment deposition. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to calculate significant differences between the groups. Spearman\u2019s rho was used to evaluate associations and a p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant. The database search yielded 24 cases. Paracetamol intoxications showed a higher degree of BFTV and more BFTV-positive fields than both control groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The number of BFTV-fields correlated with the degree of BFTV and the number of fields with formalin pigment deposition (Spearman\u2019s rho 0.691 and 0.544, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The correlation between the authors\u2019 assessments was moderate. Thus, the present study found an association between paracetamol intoxication and BFTV. This likely represents a renal stress reaction due to paracetamol toxicity and not ketoacidosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T05:32:05Z","timestamp":1785562325000},"page":"4277-4287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paracetamol (acetaminophen) intoxication and basal fatty tubular vacuolisation: a case-control study and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1975-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","family":"Stina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsen","family":"Fredrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3942_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomsen JL, Hansen TP (2000) Lipids in the proximal tubules of the kidney in diabetic coma, (in eng), Am J Forensic Med Pathol, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 416\u20138, Dec https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00024","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00024"},{"key":"3942_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou C, Yool AJ, Nolan J, Byard RW Armanni-Ebstein lesions: a need for clarification, (in eng). J Forensic Sci 58(1):S94\u2013S98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02274.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02274.x"},{"key":"3942_CR3","unstructured":"Ritchie S, Waugh D The pathology of Armanni-Ebstein diabetic nephropathy, (in eng). Am J Pathol 33(6):1035\u20131057 (Nov\u2013Dec 1957.)"},{"key":"3942_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jagannathan G, Finkielstein VA, Markowitz GS, Kudose S (2022) Armanni-Ebstein lesion in a diabetic patient with acute tubular injury, (in eng), Kidney Int, vol. 102, no. 1, p. 213, Jul https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2022.01.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.01.025"},{"key":"3942_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomsen JL, Kristensen IB, Ottosen PD (2006) The histological demonstration of lipids in the proximal renal tubules of patients with diabetic coma, (in eng), Forensic Sci Med Pathol, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 249\u201352, Dec https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/fsmp:2:4:249","DOI":"10.1385\/fsmp:2:4:249"},{"key":"3942_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nielsen H, Thomsen JL, Kristensen IB, Ottosen PD (2003) Accumulation of triglycerides in the proximal tubule of the kidney in diabetic coma, (in eng), Pathology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 305\u201310, Aug https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0031302031000150551","DOI":"10.1080\/0031302031000150551"},{"key":"3942_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auld FM, Parai JL, Milroy CM Subnuclear renal tubular vacuoles in alcohol use disorder, (in eng). J Forensic Sci 68(5):1759\u20131767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15321","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15321"},{"key":"3942_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tekin B, Righi F, Quinton R Renal Tubular Epithelial Subnuclear Vacuolization in Hypothermia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis-A Retrospective Autopsy Study, (in eng). Am J Forensic Med Pathol 43(1):23\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000692","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000692"},{"key":"3942_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preuss J, Dettmeyer R, Lignitz E, Madea B Fatty degeneration in renal tubule epithelium in accidental hypothermia victims, (in eng). Forensic Sci Int 141:2\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.017"},{"issue":"2","key":"3942_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2017.152","volume":"25","author":"E Doberentz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doberentz E, Markwerth P, Madea B (2017) Fatty degeneration in renal tissue in cases of fatal accidental hypothermia. Romanian J Legal Med 25(2):152\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4323\/rjlm.2017.152","journal-title":"Romanian J Legal Med"},{"key":"3942_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ichimata S, Hata Y, Nishida N Clinicopathologic Appearance of Advanced Ketoacidosis With Basal Vacuolation in Renal Tubules, (in eng). Arch Pathol Lab Med 146(9):1102\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/arpa.2021-0226-OA","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2021-0226-OA"},{"key":"3942_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou C, Gilbert JD, Yool A, Byard RW Basal epithelial formalin pigment deposition in the kidneys\u2013a useful marker for ketoacidosis at autopsy, (in eng). J Forensic Leg Med 20(4):305\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.07.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.07.007"},{"key":"3942_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilbert JD, Byard RW Fatal Diabetic Ketoacidosis-A Potential Complication of MDMA (Ecstasy) Use, (in eng). J Forensic Sci 63(3):939\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13602","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13602"},{"key":"3942_CR14","unstructured":"Administration USFD (2025) accessed October 30. Acetaminophen. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-drug-class\/acetaminophen"},{"key":"3942_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H (2023) Mitochondria in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury and Recovery: A Concise Review, (in eng), Livers, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 219\u2013231, Jun https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/livers3020014","DOI":"10.3390\/livers3020014"},{"key":"3942_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashir S, Morgan WA Inhibition of mitochondrial function: An alternative explanation for the antipyretic and hypothermic actions of acetaminophen. (in eng) Life Sci 312:121194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121194"},{"key":"3942_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashir S, Elegunde B, Morgan WA Inhibition of lipolysis: A novel explanation for the hypothermic actions of acetaminophen in non-febrile rodents, (in eng). Biochem Pharmacol 172:113774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.113774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.113774"},{"key":"3942_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazer M, Perrone J Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management, (in eng). J Med Toxicol 4(1):2\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03160941","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03160941"},{"key":"3942_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams M, Coulson J (2022) Isolated paracetamol-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review, (in eng), Acute Med, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 96\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52964\/amja.0904","DOI":"10.52964\/amja.0904"},{"key":"3942_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isik B, Bayrak R, Akcay A, Sogut S Erdosteine against acetaminophen induced renal toxicity, (in eng). Mol Cell Biochem 287:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11010-005-9110-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-9110-6"},{"key":"3942_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rck S, Svalander CT, Aurell M (1988) Acute renal failure after analgesic drugs including paracetamol (acetaminophen), (in eng), Nephron, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000184985","DOI":"10.1159\/000184985"},{"key":"3942_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leventhal TM, Gottfried M, Olson JC, Subramanian RM, Hameed B, Lee WM Acetaminophen is Undetectable in Plasma From More Than Half of Patients Believed to Have Acute Liver Failure Due to Overdose, (in eng). Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(10):2110\u20132116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.01.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.01.040"},{"key":"3942_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah AD, Wood DM, Dargan PI Understanding lactic acidosis in paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning, (in eng). Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(1):20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03765.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03765.x"},{"key":"3942_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levine M, Stellpflug SJ, Pizon AF, Peak DA, Villano J, Wiegand T, Dib C, Thomas SH Hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis outperform King\u2019s College criteria for predicting death or transplant in acetaminophen toxic patients, (in eng). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 56(7):622\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2017.1420193","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1420193"},{"key":"3942_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiler S, Bellmann R, Kullak-Ublick GA [5-0xoproline (pyroglutamic acid) acidosis and acetaminophen- a differential diagnosis in high anion gap metabolic acidosis], (in ger). Ther Umsch 72:11\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0040-5930\/a000745. (5-Oxoprolin (Pyroglutamins\u00e4ure) Azidose unter Paracetamol - Eine Differentialdiagnose der metabolischen Azidose mit erh\u00f6hter Anionenl\u00fccke)","DOI":"10.1024\/0040-5930\/a000745."},{"key":"3942_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elliott S, Smith C, Cassidy D The post-mortem relationship between beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetone and ethanol in ketoacidosis, (in eng). Forensic Sci Int 198:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.019"},{"key":"3942_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmiere C, Mangin P, Werner D Postmortem distribution of 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate, (in eng). J Forensic Sci 59(1):161\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12265","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12265"},{"issue":"3","key":"3942_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1520\/jfs14739j","volume":"45","author":"P Iten","year":"2000","unstructured":"Iten P, Meier M (2000) Beta-hydroxybutyric acid\u2014an indicator for an alcoholic ketoacidosis as cause of death in deceased alcohol abusers. J Forensic Sci 45(3):624\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/jfs14739j","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3942_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadones N, Lambert WE, Stove CP (2017) The (non)sense of routinely analysing beta-hydroxybutyric acid in forensic toxicology casework, (in eng), Forensic Sci Int, vol. 274, pp. 38\u201343, May https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.01.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.01.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"3942_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.48165\/jiafm.2023.45.4.21","volume":"45","author":"K Castelino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castelino K, Devaraju S, Bhat A, Thattil A (2023) The morphological differences between acute tubular necrosis and autolysis: an autopsy study. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 45(4):400\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48165\/jiafm.2023.45.4.21","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"3942_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocovski L, Duflou J Can renal acute tubular necrosis be differentiated from autolysis at autopsy? (in eng). J Forensic Sci 54(2):439\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00956.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00956.x"},{"key":"3942_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milroy CM, Parai JL (2019) Fat Embolism, Fat Embolism Syndrome and the Autopsy, (in eng), Acad Forensic Pathol, vol. 9, no. 3\u20134, pp. 136\u2013154, Sep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1925362119896351","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362119896351"},{"key":"3942_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatzopoulos K, Treeck BV, Venable E, Serla V, Wirth T, Amirahmadi F, Peterson A, Lin PT Formalin pigment artifact deposition in autopsy tissue: predisposing factors, patterns of distribution and methods for removal, (in eng). Forensic Sci Med Pathol 16(3):435\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-020-00240-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00240-5"},{"key":"3942_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bindhu P, Krishnapillai R, Thomas P, Jayanthi P Facts in artifacts, (in eng). J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 17(3):397\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-029x.125206","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029x.125206"},{"key":"3942_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taqi SA, Sami SA, Sami LB, Zaki SA (2018) A review of artifacts in histopathology, (in eng), J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 279, May\u2013Aug https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_125_15","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_125_15"},{"key":"3942_CR36","unstructured":"Pizzolato P (1976) Formalin pigment (acid hematin) and related pigments, (in eng), Am J Med Technol, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 436\u201340, Nov"},{"key":"3942_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holmes EJ (1971) Remarks on further properties of formalin pigment, (in eng), Arch Dermatol, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 565\u20136, May https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.1971.04000170099028","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1971.04000170099028"},{"key":"3942_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dent BB, Forbes SL, Stuart BH Review of human decomposition processes in soil. Environ Geol 45(4):576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00254-003-0913-z. (2004\/02\/01 2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-003-0913-z"},{"key":"3942_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Z, Chen X (2022) Fatty Acid \u03b2-Oxidation in Kidney Diseases: Perspectives on Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities, (in eng), Front Pharmacol, vol. 13, p. 805281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.805281","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.805281"},{"key":"3942_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bobulescu IA (2010) Renal lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity, (in eng), Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 393\u2013402, Jul https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32833aa4ac","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32833aa4ac"},{"key":"3942_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Z, Lu S, Li X The role of metabolic reprogramming in tubular epithelial cells during the progression of acute kidney injury, (in eng). Cell Mol Life Sci 78(15):5731\u20135741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-021-03892-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03892-w"},{"key":"3942_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scerbo D, Son NH, Sirwi A, Zeng L, Sas KM, Cifarelli V, Schoiswohl G, Huggins LA, Gumaste N, Hu Y, Pennathur S, Abumrad NA, Kershaw EE, Hussain MM, Susztak K, Goldberg IJ Kidney triglyceride accumulation in the fasted mouse is dependent upon serum free fatty acids, (in eng). J Lipid Res 58(6):1132\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M074427","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M074427"},{"key":"3942_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otunla AA, Shanmugarajah K, Davies AH, Shalhoub J (2024) Lipotoxicity and immunometabolism in ischemic acute kidney injury: current perspectives and future directions, (in eng), Front Pharmacol, vol. 15, p. 1355674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1355674","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1355674"},{"key":"3942_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan S, Cabral PD, Schilling WP, Schmidt ZW, Uddin AN, Gingras A, Madhavan SM, Garvin JL, Schelling JR Kidney Proximal Tubule Lipoapoptosis Is Regulated by Fatty Acid Transporter-2 (FATP2), (in eng). J Am Soc Nephrol 29(1):81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2017030314","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2017030314"},{"key":"3942_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY (2005) Renal tubular triglyercide accumulation following endotoxic, toxic, and ischemic injury, (in eng), Kidney Int, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 111\u201321, Jan https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00061.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00061.x"},{"key":"3942_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weinberg JM (2006) Lipotoxicity, (in eng), Kidney Int, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 1560\u20136, Nov https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5001834","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001834"},{"key":"3942_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schaffer JE (2003) Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat, (in eng), Curr Opin Lipidol, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 281\u20137, Jun https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00041433-200306000-00008","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200306000-00008"},{"key":"3942_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00282","volume":"5","author":"MA Aon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aon MA, Bhatt N, Cortassa SC (2014) Mitochondrial and cellular mechanisms for managing lipid excess. Front Physiol 5:282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2014.00282","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3942_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Listenberger LL, Han X, Lewis SE, Cases S, Farese RV Jr., Ory DS, Schaffer JE Triglyceride accumulation protects against fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity, (in eng). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(6):3077\u20133082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0630588100","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630588100"},{"key":"3942_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson AC, Stahl A, Zager RA (2005) Triglyceride accumulation in injured renal tubular cells: alterations in both synthetic and catabolic pathways, (in eng), Kidney Int, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 2196\u2013209, Jun https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00325.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00325.x"},{"key":"3942_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Record CO, Chase RA, Alberti KG, Williams R Disturbances in glucose metabolism in patients with liver damage due to paracetamol overdose, (in eng). Clin Sci Mol Med 49(5):473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs0490473","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0490473"},{"key":"3942_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomson JS, Prescott LF Liver damage and impaired glucose tolerance after paracetamol overdosage, (in eng). Br Med J 2(5512):506\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.2.5512.506. (Aug 27 1966)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5512.506"},{"key":"3942_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roth B, Woo O, Blanc P Early metabolic acidosis and coma after acetaminophen ingestion, (in eng). Ann Emerg Med 33(4):452\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0196-0644(99)70312-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(99)70312-4"},{"key":"3942_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Proudfoot AT, Wright N Acute paracetamol poisoning, (in eng). Br Med J 3(5722):557\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.3.5722.557. (Sep 5 1970)","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5722.557"},{"key":"3942_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lawrence IG, Lear J, Burden AC, Maddocks E, Smith JF Hyperglycaemia induced by paracetamol, (in eng). Postgrad Med J 71(841):702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.71.841.702","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.71.841.702"},{"issue":"2","key":"3942_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.52964\/AMJA.0238","volume":"8","author":"C Macfie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macfie C, Wall E, Ash S (2009) Paracetamol overdose presenting with hyperglycaemia, acidosis and ketonuria in a non-diabetic patient, (in eng). Acute Med 8(2):78\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52964\/AMJA.0238","journal-title":"Acute Med"},{"key":"3942_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boulagnon C, Garnotel R, Fornes P, Gillery P Post-mortem biochemistry of vitreous humor and glucose metabolism: an update, (in eng). Clin Chem Lab Med 49(8):1265\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm.2011.638","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2011.638"},{"key":"3942_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holstein A, Titze U, Hess C Postmortem Analysis of Vitreous Humor For Detection of Antemortem Disorders in Glucose Metabolism. An Old Method Revisited, (in eng). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 128(4):239\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0752-0028","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0752-0028"},{"key":"3942_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanley S, Moheet A, Seaquist ER Central Mechanisms of Glucose Sensing and Counterregulation in Defense of Hypoglycemia, (in eng). Endocr Rev 40(3):768\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00226","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00226"},{"key":"3942_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hua H, Ge X, Wu M, Zhu C, Chen L, Yang G, Zhang Y, Huang S, Zhang A, Jia Z (2018) Rotenone Protects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Kidney Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, (in eng), Kidney Blood Press Res, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1297\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000492589","DOI":"10.1159\/000492589"},{"issue":"13","key":"3942_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10638-4","volume":"104","author":"Y Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen Y, Jin X, Chen W, Gao C, Bian Q, Fan J, Luan J, Cao Z, Guo Z, Gu Y, Liu H, Ju D, Mei X (Jul2020) Interleukin-22 ameliorated acetaminophen-induced kidney injury by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory responses, (in eng). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(13):5889\u20135898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-020-10638-4","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3942_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walker RM, Racz WJ, McElligott TF (1985) Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxic congestion in mice, (in eng), Hepatology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 233\u201340, Mar\u2013Apr https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840050213","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050213"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:41:20Z","timestamp":1791819680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03942-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2024-03800-01).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}