{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:22:31Z","timestamp":1787725351144,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013003","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Child maltreatment represents a major public health and forensic issue, frequently underdiagnosed and associated with severe short- and long-term consequences. Sentinel injuries (SI)\u2014minor and unexplained findings such as bruises and fractures\u2014are often the first clinical indicators of abuse and may precede more severe events. Their early recognition is therefore crucial for prevention. This narrative multidisciplinary pictorial review uses confirmed illustrative forensic-radiological cases from the University Hospital of Cagliari to provide a multidisciplinary overview of clinical, radiological, and forensic aspects of SI. These cases are organized by anatomical districts, focusing on abusive head trauma (AHT), rib, metaphyseal fractures, and bruising patterns with higher specificity for abuse. Differential diagnoses, including bone fragility and coagulation disorders, must also be considered. Imaging, particularly skeletal surveys with follow-up, chest and cranial studies, plays a central role but is often inconsistently applied. The probabilistic nature of abuse diagnosis requires integration of medical findings with psychosocial, contextual, and investigative information. A multidisciplinary approach, involving pediatricians, radiologists, ophthalmologists, and forensic experts, is essential to support accurate medico-legal evaluation and timely protective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:42:48Z","timestamp":1787722968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sentinel injuries in child abuse: a multidisciplinary approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Costantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Corsello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Iasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma B.","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3","volume":"7","author":"AE Austin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Austin AE, Lesak AM, Shanahan ME (2020) Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Curr Epidemiol Rep 7:334\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"3952_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314591","volume":"104","author":"S Halstead","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halstead S, Scott G, Thust S, Hann G (2019) Review of the new RCR guidelines (2017): The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 104:309\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314591","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed"},{"key":"3952_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353","volume":"24","author":"M Stoltenborgh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Alink LRA, van IJzendoorn MH (2015) The Prevalence of Child Maltreatment across the Globe: Review of a Series of Meta-Analyses. Child Abuse Rev 24:37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.2353","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"key":"3952_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01258-8","volume":"54","author":"D Mehta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehta D, Kelly AB, Laurens KR et al (2023) Child Maltreatment and Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Outcomes: An Exploration of Biopsychosocial Determinants and Implications for Prevention. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 54:421\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01258-8","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"3952_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12507","volume":"57","author":"MH Teicher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teicher MH, Samson JA (2016) Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57:241\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12507","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3952_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.20918.x","volume":"18","author":"KW Springer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Springer KW, Sheridan J, Kuo D, Carnes M (2003) The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse. An overview and a call to action. J Gen Intern Med 18:864\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.20918.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"3952_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509355316","volume":"15","author":"J Currie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Currie J, Widom CS (2010) Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on adult economic well-being. Child Maltreat 15:111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559509355316","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"3952_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101891","volume":"80","author":"CA Greene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greene CA, Haisley L, Wallace C, Ford JD (2020) Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence. Clin Psychol Rev 80:101891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101891","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3952_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037956","volume":"5","author":"I Milaniak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milaniak I, Widom CS (2015) Does Child Abuse and Neglect Increase Risk for Perpetration of Violence Inside and Outside the Home? Psychol Violence 5:246\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037956","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"3952_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.018","volume":"86","author":"C Peterson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peterson C, Florence C, Klevens J (2018) The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse Negl 86:178\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3952_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-016-0755-3","volume":"10","author":"LA Leaman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leaman LA, Hennrikus WL, Bresnahan JJ (2016) Identifying non-accidental fractures in children aged\u2009<\u20092 years. J Child Orthop 10:335\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11832-016-0755-3","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"3952_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507307837","volume":"13","author":"MD Everson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Everson MD, Smith JB, Hussey JM et al (2008) Concordance between adolescent reports of childhood abuse and Child Protective Service determinations in an at-risk sample of young adolescents. Child Maltreat 13:14\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559507307837","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"3952_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.01.036","volume":"14","author":"SL Wootton-Gorges","year":"2017","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging, Wootton-Gorges SL, Soares BP et al (2017) ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae Suspected Physical Abuse-Child. J Am Coll Radiol 14:S338\u2013S349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.01.036","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"3952_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215832","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5832","volume":"4","author":"MC Pierce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Lorenz DJ et al (2021) Validation of a Clinical Decision Rule to Predict Abuse in Young Children Based on Bruising Characteristics. JAMA Netw Open 4:e215832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5832","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3952_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2780","volume":"131","author":"LK Sheets","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheets LK, Leach ME, Koszewski IJ et al (2013) Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 131:701\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-2780","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3952_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.6184","volume":"177","author":"K Mankad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mankad K, Sidpra J, Mirsky DM et al (2023) International Consensus Statement on the Radiological Screening of Contact Children in the Context of Suspected Child Physical Abuse. JAMA Pediatr 177:526\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.6184","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"3952_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000001140","volume":"33","author":"G de Marco","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Marco G, Valaikaite R, Chargui M et al (2024) Femoral fractures and abuse in children under 36 months old: a Swiss case series. J Pediatr Orthop B 33:452\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BPB.0000000000001140","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"3952_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx131","volume":"23","author":"L Chauvin-Kimoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chauvin-Kimoff L, Allard-Dansereau C, Colbourne M (2018) The medical assessment of fractures in suspected child maltreatment: Infants and young children with skeletal injury. Paediatr Child Health 23:156\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pch\/pxx131","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"3952_CR19","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2025) Child maltreatment: when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London. PMID: 31999415"},{"key":"3952_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024070074","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070074","volume":"155","author":"S Haney","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haney S, Scherl S, DiMeglio L et al (2025) Evaluating Young Children With Fractures for Child Abuse. Clin Rep Pediatr 155:e2024070074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2024-070074","journal-title":"Clin Rep Pediatr"},{"key":"3952_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04945-1","volume":"51","author":"MB Marine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marine MB, Forbes-Amrhein MM (2021) Fractures of child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 51:1003\u20131013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-020-04945-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"3952_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3632","volume":"125","author":"MC Pierce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Aldridge S et al (2010) Bruising characteristics discriminating physical child abuse from accidental trauma. Pediatrics 125:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-3632","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3952_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.213","volume":"27","author":"SA Maguire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maguire SA, Watts PO, Shaw AD et al (2013) Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 27:28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2012.213","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"3952_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304339","volume":"99","author":"AM Kemp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemp AM, Maguire SA, Nuttall D et al (2014) Bruising in children who are assessed for suspected physical abuse. Arch Dis Child 99:108\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304339","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3952_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1414-5","volume":"469","author":"JR Dwek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dwek JR (2011) The radiographic approach to child abuse. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469:776\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-010-1414-5","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"3952_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e477","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3793","volume":"133","author":"EG Flaherty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flaherty EG, Perez-Rossello JM, Levine MA et al (2014) Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 133:e477\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-3793","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3952_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1337","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0356","volume":"135","author":"CW Christian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics (2015) The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics 135:e1337\u20131354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-0356","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3952_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1518","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1518","volume":"337","author":"AM Kemp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S et al (2008) Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ 337:a1518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.a1518","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3952_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2006.06.005","volume":"7","author":"MC Pierce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pierce MC, Bertocci G (2006) Fractures Resulting From Inflicted Trauma: Assessing Injury and History Compatibility. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 7:143\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpem.2006.06.005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med"},{"key":"3952_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scherl SA, Miller L, Lively N et al (2000) Accidental and nonaccidental femur fractures in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-200007000-00014","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200007000-00014"},{"key":"3952_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0558","volume":"123","author":"Section on Radiology, American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2009","unstructured":"Section on Radiology, American Academy of Pediatrics (2009) Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Pediatrics 123:1430\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0558","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3952_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02750-5","volume":"136","author":"A Oliva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oliva A, Grassi S, Cazzato F et al (2022) The role of retinal imaging in the management of abusive head trauma cases. Int J Legal Med 136:1009\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02750-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3952_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.01.026","volume":"17","author":"ME Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging, Ryan ME, Pruthi S et al (2020) ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae Head Trauma-Child. J Am Coll Radiol 17:S125\u2013S137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.01.026","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"3952_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2025.07.033","volume":"87","author":"SM Mitrano","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mitrano SM, Michelson KA, Monuteaux MC et al (2026) Sentinel Injuries in Emergency Departments and Subsequent Serious Injury in Children. Ann Emerg Med 87:586\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2025.07.033","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"3952_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.007","volume":"72","author":"T Sailer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sailer T, Wade E, Burge L, Shanghvi D (2025) Abusive Head Trauma. Pediatr Clin North Am 72:451\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"3952_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3399-4","volume":"45","author":"AK Choudhary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choudhary AK, Bradford R, Dias MS et al (2015) Venous injury in abusive head trauma. Pediatr Radiol 45:1803\u20131813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-015-3399-4","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"3952_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-322327","volume":"107","author":"J Wallace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wallace J, Metz JB, Otjen J et al (2022) Extra-axial haemorrhages in young children with skull fractures: abuse or accident? Arch Dis Child 107:650\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2021-322327","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3952_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.044065","volume":"90","author":"S Maguire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maguire S, Mann MK, Sibert J, Kemp A (2005) Are there patterns of bruising in childhood which are diagnostic or suggestive of abuse? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child 90:182\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2003.044065","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3952_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.04.013","volume":"32","author":"KK Hansen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hansen KK, Prince JS, Nixon GW (2008) Oblique chest views as a routine part of skeletal surveys performed for possible physical abuse\u2013is this practice worthwhile? Child Abuse Negl 32:155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.04.013","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3952_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.12.007","volume":"30","author":"S Maguire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maguire S, Mann M, John N et al (2006) Does cardiopulmonary resuscitation cause rib fractures in children? A systematic review. Child Abuse Negl 30:739\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.12.007","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3952_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3568-0","volume":"46","author":"JD Thackeray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thackeray JD, Wannemacher J, Adler BH, Lindberg DM (2016) The classic metaphyseal lesion and traumatic injury. Pediatr Radiol 46:1128\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-016-3568-0","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:42:50Z","timestamp":1787722970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["3952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03952-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}