{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:39:56Z","timestamp":1787582396652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political and Law), Ministry of Education","award":["2023KFKT01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KFKT01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:02:54Z","timestamp":1787536974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital PCR in forensic genetics: principles, applications, and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-shi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui-na","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-xin","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0781-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2022.100311","volume":"6","author":"JM Butler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butler JM (2022) Recent advances in forensic biology and forensic DNA typing: INTERPOL review 2019\u20132022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 6:100311","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Synerg"},{"key":"3973_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02490-2","volume":"412","author":"M Sidstedt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sidstedt M, R\u00e5dstr\u00f6m P, Hedman J (2020) PCR inhibition in qPCR, dPCR and MPS-mechanisms and solutions. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:2009\u20132023","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7314","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7314","volume":"7","author":"A Amorim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amorim A, Fernandes T, Taveira N (2019) Mitochondrial DNA in human identification: a review. PeerJ 7:e7314","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"3973_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/316076a0","volume":"316","author":"AJ Jeffreys","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL (1985) Individual-specific \u2018fingerprints\u2019 of human DNA. Nature 316:76\u201379","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3973_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods (San Diego Calif) 25:402\u2013408","journal-title":"Methods (San Diego Calif)"},{"key":"3973_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/290457a0","volume":"290","author":"S Anderson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457\u2013465","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3973_CR7","first-page":"1026","volume":"11","author":"R Higuchi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G, Watson R (1993) Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnol (NY) 11:1026\u20131030","journal-title":"Biotechnol (NY)"},{"key":"3973_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.09.004","volume":"80","author":"RH Sedlak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sedlak RH, Kuypers J, Jerome KR (2014) A multiplexed droplet digital PCR assay performs better than qPCR on inhibition prone samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 80:285\u2013286","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3973_CR9","first-page":"370","volume":"48","author":"M Stoneking","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stoneking M, Hedgecock D, Higuchi RG, Vigilant L, Erlich HA (1991) Population variation of human mtDNA control region sequences detected by enzymatic amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Am J Hum Genet 48:370\u2013382","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR10","first-page":"444","volume":"13","author":"PJ Sykes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sykes PJ, Neoh SH, Brisco MJ, Hughes E, Condon J, Morley AA (1992) Quantitation of targets for PCR by use of limiting dilution. Biotechniques 13:444\u2013449","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"3973_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9236","volume":"96","author":"B Vogelstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1999) Digital PCR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9236\u20139241","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3973_CR12","first-page":"7","volume":"82","author":"E Mazaika","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mazaika E, Homsy J (2014) Digital Droplet PCR: CNV Analysis and other applications. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 82(1):7\u201324","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Hum Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa125","volume":"66","author":"G DMIQE","year":"2020","unstructured":"DMIQE G, Huggett JF (2020) The Digital MIQE Guidelines Update: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments for 2020. Clin Chem 66:1012\u20131029","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1010-1","volume":"410","author":"T Demeke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Demeke T, Dobnik D (2018) Critical assessment of digital PCR for the detection and quantification of genetically modified organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 410:4039\u20134050","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630317705680","volume":"22","author":"AS Basu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu AS (2017) Digital Assays Part I: Partitioning Statistics and Digital PCR. SLAS Technol 22:369\u2013386","journal-title":"SLAS Technol"},{"key":"3973_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2027","volume":"9","author":"M Baker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baker M (2012) Digital PCR hits its stride. Nat Methods 9:541\u2013544","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"3973_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2016.10.002","volume":"10","author":"J Madic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madic J, Zocevic A, Senlis V, Fradet E, Andre B, Muller S, Dangla R, Droniou ME (2016) Three-color crystal digital PCR. Biomol Detect Quantif 10:34\u201346","journal-title":"Biomol Detect Quantif"},{"key":"3973_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683825700188","volume":"61","author":"YL Lebedeva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lebedeva YL, Cherkashin EA, Akimkin VG (2025) A State-of-the-Art Digital PCR Platform. Appl Biochem Micro 61:1423\u20131442","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Micro"},{"key":"3973_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks203","volume":"40","author":"AS Whale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whale AS, Huggett JF, Cowen S, Speirs V, Shaw J, Ellison S, Foy CA, Scott DJ (2012) Comparison of microfluidic digital PCR and conventional quantitative PCR for measuring copy number variation. Nucleic Acids Res 40:e82","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3973_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202028g","volume":"83","author":"BJ Hindson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hindson BJ, Ness KD, Masquelier DA, Belgrader P, Heredia NJ, Makarewicz AJ, Bright IJ, Lucero MY, Hiddessen AL, Legler TC, Kitano TK, Hodel MR, Petersen JF, Wyatt PW, Steenblock ER, Shah PH, Bousse LJ, Troup CB, Mellen JC, Wittmann DK, Erndt NG, Cauley TH, Koehler RT, So AP, Dube S, Rose KA, Montesclaros L, Wang S, Stumbo DP, Hodges SP, Romine S, Milanovich FP, White HE, Regan JF, Karlin-Neumann GA, Hindson CM, Saxonov S, Colston BW (2011) High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number. Anal Chem 83:8604\u20138610","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03980","volume":"89","author":"AS Whale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Whale AS, Devonshire AS, Karlin-Neumann G, Regan J, Javier L, Cowen S, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Jones GM, Redshaw N, Beck J, Berger AW, Combaret V, Dahl Kjersgaard N, Davis L, Fina F, Forshew T, Fredslund Andersen R, Galbiati S, Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez \u00c1, Haynes CA, Janku F, Lacave R, Lee J, Mistry V, Pender A, Pradines A, Proudhon C, Saal LH, Stieglitz E, Ulrich B, Foy CA, Parkes H, Tzonev S, Huggett JF (2017) International Interlaboratory Digital PCR Study Demonstrating High Reproducibility for the Measurement of a Rare Sequence Variant. Anal Chem 89:1724\u20131733","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202578x","volume":"84","author":"LB Pinheiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinheiro LB, Coleman VA, Hindson CM, Herrmann J, Hindson BJ, Bhat S, Emslie KR (2012) Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification. Anal Chem 84:1003\u20131011","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.304246","volume":"65","author":"K Cassinari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cassinari K, Quenez O, Joly-H\u00e9las G, Beaussire L, Le Meur N, Castelain M, Goldenberg A, Guerrot A, Brehin A, Deleuze JO, Boland A, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Campion D, Saugier-Veber P, Gruchy N, Frebourg T, Nicolas GL, Sarafan-Vasseur N, Chambon P (2019) A Simple, Universal, and Cost-Efficient Digital PCR Method for the Targeted Analysis of Copy Number Variations. Clin Chem 65:1153\u20131160","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120535","volume":"578","author":"L Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang L, Chen L, Yu Y, Wu Z, Zhao M, Wang P, Liu Z, Dai J, Li Y, Wang M (2026) Digital PCR in prenatal diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 578:120535","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3973_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20181170","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20181170","volume":"38","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li H, Bai R, Zhao Z, Tao L, Ma M, Ji Z, Jian M, Ding Z, Dai X, Bao F, Liu A (2018) Application of droplet digital PCR to detect the pathogens of infectious diseases. Biosci Rep 38:BSR20181170","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"3973_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2016.10.001","volume":"10","author":"GM Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones GM, Busby E, Garson JA, Grant PR, Nastouli E, Devonshire AS, Whale AS (2016) Digital PCR dynamic range is approaching that of real-time quantitative PCR. Biomol Detect Quantif 10:31\u201333","journal-title":"Biomol Detect Quantif"},{"key":"3973_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaf043","volume":"71","author":"SA Bustin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bustin SA, Ruijter JM, van den Hoff MJB, Kubista M, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Tran N, Diger R, Untergasser S, Mueller A, Nolan R, Milavec T, Burns M, Huggett MJ, Vandesompele JF, Wittwer J CT (2025) MIQE 2.0: Revision of the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments Guidelines. Clin Chem 71:634\u2013651","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-116","volume":"10","author":"RA White","year":"2009","unstructured":"White RA, Blainey PC, Fan HC, Quake SR (2009) Digital PCR provides sensitive and absolute calibration for high throughput sequencing. BMC Genomics 10:116","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"3973_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2009.09.007","volume":"4","author":"R Alaeddini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alaeddini R, Walsh SJ, Abbas A (2010) Forensic implications of genetic analyses from degraded DNA\u2013 a review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 4:148\u2013157","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.03.001","volume":"40","author":"M Sidstedt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sidstedt M, Steffen CR, Kiesler KM, Vallone PM, Dstr R, Hedman MP J (2019) The impact of common PCR inhibitors on forensic MPS analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 40:182\u2013191","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1455","volume":"5","author":"MA Jobling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jobling MA, Gill P (2004) Encoded evidence: DNA in forensic analysis. Nat Rev Genet 5:739\u2013751","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201400187","volume":"35","author":"SB Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SB, McCord B, Buel E (2014) Advances in forensic DNA quantification: a review. Electrophoresis 35:3044\u20133052","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"3973_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112718","volume":"378","author":"X Fu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fu X, Wang Y, Liu L, Xie Q, Zheng F, Wen D, Xie M, Li J (2026) A novel droplet digital PCR method for assessing the quantity and quality of degraded samples. Forensic Sci Int 378:112718","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1508-6","volume":"411","author":"D Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan D, Cui M, Yu S, Wang H, Jing R (2019) Droplet digital PCR for quantification of PML-RAR\u03b1 in acute promyelocytic leukemia: a comprehensive comparison with real-time PCR. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:895\u2013903","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-2-r18","volume":"12","author":"D Aird","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aird D, Ross MG, Chen W, Danielsson M, Fennell T, Russ C, Jaffe DB, Nusbaum C, Gnirke A (2011) Analyzing and minimizing PCR amplification bias in Illumina sequencing libraries. Genome Biol 12:R18","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"3973_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2633","volume":"10","author":"CM Hindson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hindson CM, Chevillet JR, Briggs HA, Gallichotte EN, Ruf IK, Hindson BJ, Vessella RL, Tewari M (2013) Absolute quantification by droplet digital PCR versus analog real-time PCR. Nat Methods 10:1003\u20131005","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"3973_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6474","DOI":"10.1021\/ac103230c","volume":"83","author":"R Sanders","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanders R, Huggett JF, Bushell CA, Cowen S, Scott DJ, Foy CA (2011) Evaluation of Digital PCR for Absolute DNA Quantification. Anal Chem 83:6474\u20136484","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058177","volume":"8","author":"AS Whale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whale AS, Cowen S, Foy CA, Huggett JF (2013) Methods for applying accurate digital PCR analysis on low copy DNA samples. PLoS ONE 8:e58177","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3973_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.221366","volume":"61","author":"JF Huggett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huggett JF, Cowen S, Foy CA (2015) Considerations for Digital PCR as an Accurate Molecular Diagnostic Tool. Clin Chem 61:79\u201388","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193409","volume":"59","author":"A Didelot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Didelot A, Kotsopoulos SK, Lupo A, Pekin D, Li X, Atochin I, Srinivasan P, Zhong Q, Olson J, Link DR, Laurent-Puig P, Blons H, Hutchison JB, Taly V (2013) Multiplex picoliter-droplet digital PCR for quantitative assessment of DNA integrity in clinical samples. Clin Chem 59:815\u2013823","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03306-z","volume":"139","author":"X Fu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fu X, Li X, Wang Y, Xie M, Wen D, Tang X, Wang C, Jia H, Liu Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Zha L, Li J (2025) Discovery unbalanced DNA mixtures and evaluation mixing ratio via a droplet digital PCR method. Int J Legal Med 139:67\u201376","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3973_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.02.004","volume":"28","author":"F Oldoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oldoni F, Castella V, Grosjean F, Hall D (2017) Sensitive DIP-STR markers for the analysis of unbalanced mixtures from touch DNA samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 28:111\u2013117","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2015.07.012","volume":"19","author":"F Oldoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oldoni F, Castella V, Hall D (2015) A novel set of DIP-STR markers for improved analysis of challenging DNA mixtures. Forensic Sci Int Genet 19:156\u2013164","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2014.173","volume":"49","author":"A Santurt\u00fan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santurt\u00fan A, Riancho JA, Ya\u00f1ez L, Santurt\u00fan M, Zarrabeitia MT (2014) Analysis of post-transplant chimerism by using a single amplification reaction of 38 Indel polymorphic loci. Bone Marrow Transpl 49:1432\u20131435","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl"},{"key":"3973_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1422-4","volume":"131","author":"A Santurt\u00fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santurt\u00fan A, Riancho JA, Arozamena J, L\u00f3pez-Duarte M, Zarrabeitia MT (2017) Indel analysis by droplet digital PCR: a sensitive method for DNA mixture detection and chimerism analysis. Int J Legal Med 131:67\u201372","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3973_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2023.2261511","volume":"57","author":"H Hwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hwa H, Wu M, Hsu P, Yin H, Lee T, Su C (2025) DNA mixture analyses of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms for individual identification using droplet digital polymerase- chain reaction and massively parallel sequencing in combination with EuroFormix. Aust J Forensic Sci 57:170\u2013183","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3973_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-018-0016-7","volume":"24","author":"D Aversa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aversa D, Breveglieri E, Pellegatti G, Guerra P, Gambari G, Borgatti R M (2018) Non-invasive fetal sex diagnosis in plasma of early weeks pregnants using droplet digital PCR. Mol Med 24:14","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"3973_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn045","volume":"15","author":"S Vitthala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vitthala S, Gelbaya TA, Brison DR, Fitzgerald CT, Nardo LG (2009) The risk of monozygotic twins after assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 15:45\u201355","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"3973_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103231","volume":"76","author":"M Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu M, Xia X, Wang Y, Wang D, Wang S, Chen Y, Sun M, Xing J, Xuan J, Yao J (2025) Current progress and future perspectives in personal identification of monozygotic twins in forensic medicine. Forensic Sci Int Genet 76:103231","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.082","volume":"90","author":"L Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao L, Cui X, Hu J, Li Z, Choi JR, Yang Q, Lin M, Ying Hui L, Xu F (2017) Advances in digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and its emerging biomedical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 90:459\u2013474","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"3973_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847056","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.847056","volume":"9","author":"H Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng H, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wang F (2022) Detection of Very Low-Level Somatic Mosaic COL4A5 Splicing Variant in Asymptomatic Female Using Droplet Digital PCR. Front Med (Lausanne) 9:847056","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3973_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00755-1","volume":"53","author":"H Jonsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jonsson H, Magnusdottir E, Eggertsson HP, Stefansson OA, Arnadottir GA, Eiriksson O, Zink F, Helgason EA, Jonsdottir I, Gylfason A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Beyter D, Steingrimsdottir T, Norddahl GL, Magnusson OT, Masson G, Halldorsson BV, Thorsteinsdottir U, Helgason A, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K (2021) Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins. Nat Genet 53:27\u201334","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00457-x","volume":"18","author":"M Ignatiadis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ignatiadis M, Sledge GW, Jeffrey SS (2021) Liquid biopsy enters the clinic \u2014 implementation issues and future challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 18:297\u2013312","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"3973_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103242","volume":"77","author":"M Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian M, Liu X, Wang D, Wang Y, Wang S, Wei J, Guan D, Yao J (2025) Differences of tsRNA expression profiles efficiently discriminate monozygotic twins in peripheral blood. Forensic Sci Int Genet 77:103242","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103230","volume":"76","author":"D Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang D, Tian M, Chen Y, Wang S, Xing X, Sun M, Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Wei J, Zhong Y, Yao J (2025) Profiling microRNA expression differentiates monozygotic twins in peripherical blood by droplet digital PCR. Forensic Sci Int Genet 76:103230","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2014.913168","volume":"27","author":"P Manoja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manoja P (2016) Droplet digital PCR technology promises new applications and research areas. Mitochondrial DNA 27:742\u2013746","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA"},{"key":"3973_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2012.06.006","volume":"35","author":"T Hoshino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoshino T, Inagaki F (2012) Molecular quantification of environmental DNA using microfluidics and digital PCR. Syst Appl Microbiol 35:390\u2013395","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"3973_CR58","first-page":"109","volume":"36","author":"ZH Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang ZH, Li SJ (2020) Research Progress on Human Age Estimation Based on DNA Methylation. Fa yi xue za zhi 36:109\u2013114","journal-title":"Fa yi xue za zhi"},{"key":"3973_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073158","volume":"26","author":"B Marcante","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marcante B, Marino L, Cattaneo NE, Delicati A, Tozzo P, Caenazzo L (2025) Advancing Forensic Human Chronological Age Estimation: Biochemical, Genetic, and Epigenetic Approaches from the Last 15 Years: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 26:3158","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3973_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.11.005","volume":"33","author":"L Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi L, Jiang F, Ouyang F, Zhang J, Wang Z, Shen X (2018) DNA methylation markers in combination with skeletal and dental ages to improve age estimation in children. Forensic Sci Int Genet 33:1\u20139","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/fsr\/owad021","volume":"8","author":"MR Refn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Refn MR, Kampmann M, Morling N, Tfelt-Hansen J, B\u00f8rsting C, Pereira V (2023) Prediction of chronological age and its applications in forensic casework: methods, current practices, and future perspectives. Forensic Sci Res 8:85\u201397","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"3973_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","volume":"14","author":"S Horvath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horvath S (2013) DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol 14:R115","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"3973_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.016","volume":"49","author":"G Hannum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan J, Gao Y, Deconde R, Chen M, Rajapakse I, Friend S, Ideker T, Zhang K (2013) Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell 49:359\u2013367","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"3973_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13533","volume":"292","author":"A Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li A, Koch Z, Ideker T (2022) Epigenetic aging: Biological age prediction and informing a mechanistic theory of aging. J Intern Med 292:733\u2013744","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"3973_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-023-01392-8","volume":"45","author":"J Naue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naue J (2023) Getting the chronological age out of DNA: using insights of age-dependent DNA methylation for forensic DNA applications. Genes Genomics 45:1239\u20131261","journal-title":"Genes Genomics"},{"key":"3973_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094917","volume":"25","author":"MJ Castagnola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castagnola MJ, Medina-Paz F, Zapico SC (2024) Uncovering Forensic Evidence: A Path to Age Estimation through DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 25:4917","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3973_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2026.2669271","volume":"26","author":"L Loureiro De Ara\u00fajo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Loureiro De Ara\u00fajo L, Azevedo Cintra H, Guimar Es Fonseca LLC, de Faria LL, Rocha DN, Da Costa Cipitelli M, Xavier Cenciani C, Correa Gon Alves JA, Ferreira Gomes LH, Da Cunha Guida L (2026) Comparative review of diagnostic techniques for DNA methylation analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 26:439\u2013451","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"3973_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.08.008","volume":"37","author":"A Vidaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vidaki A, Kayser M (2018) Recent progress, methods and perspectives in forensic epigenetics. Forensic Sci Int Genet 37:180\u2013195","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239242","volume":"21","author":"L De Chiara","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Chiara L, Leiro-Fernandez V, Rodr\u00edguez-Girondo M, Valverde D, Botana-Rial MI, Fern\u00e1ndez-Villar A (2020) Comparison of Bisulfite Pyrosequencing and Methylation-Specific qPCR for Methylation Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 21:9242","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3973_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00807-2","volume":"18","author":"Y Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han Y, Franzen J, Stiehl T, Gobs M, Kuo C, Nikoli M, Hapala J, Koop BE, Strathmann K, Ritz-Timme S, Wagner W (2020) New targeted approaches for epigenetic age predictions. BMC Biol 18:71","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"3973_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks454","volume":"40","author":"F Miura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miura F, Enomoto Y, Dairiki R, Ito T (2012) Amplification-free whole-genome bisulfite sequencing by post-bisulfite adaptor tagging. Nucleic Acids Res 40:e136","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3973_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.07.015","volume":"31","author":"J Naue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naue J, Hoefsloot HCJ, Mook ORF, Rijlaarsdam-Hoekstra L, van der Zwalm MCH, Henneman P, Kloosterman AD, Verschure PJ (2017) Chronological age prediction based on DNA methylation: Massive parallel sequencing and random forest regression. Forensic Sci Int Genet 31:19\u201328","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1068490","volume":"10","author":"M Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu M, Carter KT, Makar KW, Vickers K, Ulrich CM, Schoen RE, Brenner D, Markowitz SD, Grady WM (2015) MethyLight droplet digital PCR for detection and absolute quantification of infrequently methylated alleles. Epigenetics 10:803\u2013809","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"3973_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c01361","volume":"97","author":"TT Truong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Truong TT, Mikloska K, Sum J, Oberl Nder M, von Bubnoff N, Christiansen L, Tornow S, Derer S, Janke F, S\u00fcltmann H, Zeissig S, Linnebacher M, Schafmayer C, Lehnert M, Hutzenlaub T, Paust N, Juelg P (2025) Coupling Immunoprecipitation with Multiplexed Digital PCR for Cell-Free DNA Methylation Detection in Small Plasma Volumes of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Anal Chem 97:11259\u201311268","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206518","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206518","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Y, O\u2019Keefe CM, Hsieh K, Cope L, Joyce SC, Pisanic TR, Herman JG, Wang T (2023) Multiplex Digital Methylation-Specific PCR for Noninvasive Screening of Lung Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 10:e2206518","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"3973_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.050","volume":"164","author":"MW Snyder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Snyder MW, Kircher M, Hill AJ, Daza RM, Shendure J (2016) Cell-free DNA Comprises an In Vivo Nucleosome Footprint that Informs Its Tissues-Of-Origin. Cell 164:57\u201368","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3973_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111206","volume":"333","author":"L Manco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manco L, Dias HC (2022) DNA methylation analysis of ELOVL2 gene using droplet digital PCR for age estimation purposes. Forensic Sci Int 333:111206","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2023.103004","volume":"69","author":"T Yamagishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamagishi T, Sakurai W, Watanabe K, Toyomane K, Akutsu T (2024) Development and comparison of forensic interval age prediction models by statistical and machine learning methods based on the methylation rates of ELOVL2 in blood DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet 69:103004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.07.007","volume":"36","author":"J Naue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naue J, Nger S, Hoefsloot T, Lutz-Bonengel HCJ, Kloosterman S, Verschure AD PJ (2018) Proof of concept study of age-dependent DNA methylation markers across different tissues by massive parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 36:152\u2013159","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.10.002","volume":"14","author":"R Zbie Piekarska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zbie Piekarska R, Sp\u00f3lnicka M, Kupiec T, Makowska A, Spas A, Parys-Proszek A, Kucharczyk K, Oski P, Branicki R W (2015) Examination of DNA methylation status of the ELOVL2 marker may be useful for human age prediction in forensic science. Forensic Sci Int Genet 14:161\u2013167","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.09.010","volume":"38","author":"S Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung S, Lim SM, Hong SR, Lee EH, Shin K, Lee HY (2019) DNA methylation of the ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, C1orf132\/MIR29B2C, and TRIM59 genes for age prediction from blood, saliva, and buccal swab samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 38:1\u20138","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103396","volume":"81","author":"R Fakhr","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fakhr R, Koh UN, Lee SE, Lim S (2026) A hexaplex droplet digital PCR assay for DNA methylation-based age prediction from blood samples targeting ELOVL2, FHL2, and TRIM59. Forensic Sci Int Genet 81:103396","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115943","volume":"240","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang Y, Song M, Jiang L, Sun C, Wang S, Yao H, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu C, Luo H, Song F (2024) A high-throughput droplet digital PCR system aiming eight DNA methylation targets for age prediction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 240:115943","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"3973_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-026-02105-0","volume":"18","author":"I Hchaichi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hchaichi I, Garali I, Popa A, Daunay A, Tessier NP, Sahbatou M, Hardy LM, Rampanou A, Blanch\u00e9 H, Zagury JO, Touvier M, Le Buanec H, Renault S, Girerd N, Deleuze JO, How-Kit A (2026) The 12 o\u2019clock assay: an optimized dodecaplex droplet digital PCR assay for robust DNA methylation quantification and epigenetic clock-based age-predictions. Clin Epigenetics 18:78","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"3973_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101992","volume":"54","author":"M Ho Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho Lee M, Hee Hwang J, Min Seong K, Jin Ahn J, Jun Kim S, Yong Hwang S, Lim S (2022) Application of droplet digital PCR method for DNA methylation-based age prediction from saliva. Legak Med (Tokyo) 54:101992","journal-title":"Legak Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3973_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.8133","volume":"46","author":"N Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao N, Li J, Yang F, Yu D, Huo Y, Liu X, Ji Z, Xing Y, Zhang X, Yuan P, Liu J, Yan J (2025) Forensic Age Estimation From Blood Samples by Combining DNA Methylation and MicroRNA Markers Using Droplet Digital PCR. Electrophoresis 46:424\u2013432","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"3973_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100972","volume":"8","author":"M Eipel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eipel M, Mayer F, Arent T, Ferreira MRP, Birkhofer C, Gerstenmaier U, Costa IG, Ritz-Timme S, Wagner W (2016) Epigenetic age predictions based on buccal swabs are more precise in combination with cell type-specific DNA methylation signatures. Aging 8:1034\u20131048","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"3973_CR88","first-page":"403","volume":"4","author":"H Correia Dias","year":"2025","unstructured":"Correia Dias H, Manco L (2025) Epigenetic age in blood and bones from deceased individuals: assessment of DNA methylation at the FHL2 gene by droplet digital PCR. Aust J Forensic Sci 4:403\u2013412","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3973_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12111728","volume":"12","author":"T Sijen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sijen T, Harbison S (2021) On the Identification of Body Fluids and Tissues: A Crucial Link in the Investigation and Solution of Crime. Genes (Basel) 12:1728","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"3973_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.02.013","volume":"188","author":"K Virkler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Virkler K, Lednev IK (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 188:1\u201317","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102707","volume":"59","author":"M Bamberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bamberg M, Bruder M, Dierig L, Kunz SN, Schwender M, Wiegand P (2022) Best of both: A simultaneous analysis of mRNA and miRNA markers for body fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 59:102707","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13644","volume":"22","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Wang S, Du X, He Q, Liu Y, Wang Z, Feng K, Li Y, Deng Y (2022) ddPCR surpasses classical qPCR technology in quantitating bacteria and fungi in the environment. Mol Ecol Resour 22:2587\u20132598","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"3973_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2015.02.002","volume":"18","author":"C Borsting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borsting C, Morling N (2015) Next generation sequencing and its applications in forensic genetics. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:78\u201389","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00932","volume":"11","author":"A Freire-Aradas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freire-Aradas A, Po Piech E, Aliferi A, Gir\u00f3n-Santamar\u00eda L, Mosquera-Miguel A, Pisarek A, Ambroa-Conde A, Phillips C, De Casares MA, G\u00f3mez-Tato A, Sp\u00f3lnicka M, Wo Niak A, \u00c1lvarez-Dios J, Ballard D, Court DS, Branicki W, Carracedo \u00c1, Lareu MV (2020) A Comparison of Forensic Age Prediction Models Using Data From Four DNA Methylation Technologies. Front Genet 11:932","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2024.102536","volume":"71","author":"SE Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee SE, Koh UN, Fakhr R, Lim S (2024) Development of two step reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) for simultaneous identification of saliva and semen. Leg Med (Tokyo) 71:102536","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3973_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112683","volume":"378","author":"S Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li S, Liu J, Song H, Yan Z, Hui M, Zhao M, Cong B, Wang Z (2026) Stability in question? A preliminary ddPCR-based study on the stability of 14 miRNAs in five forensic body fluids. Forensic Sci Int 378:112683","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112147","volume":"362","author":"M Dass","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dass M, Ghai M (2024) Development of a multiplex PCR assay and quantification of microbial markers by ddPCR for identification of saliva and vaginal fluid. Forensic Sci Int 362:112147","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-014-0042-6","volume":"10","author":"N Ra Ki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ra Ki N, Dreo T, Gutierrez-Aguirre I, Blejec A, Ravnikar M (2014) Reverse transcriptase droplet digital PCR shows high resilience to PCR inhibitors from plant, soil and water samples. Plant Methods 10:42","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"3973_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02341-w","volume":"135","author":"C Mori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mori C, Matsumura S (2021) Current issues for mammalian species identification in forensic science: a review. Int J Legal Med 135:3\u201312","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3973_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2022.10.032","volume":"8","author":"M Ghemrawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghemrawi M, McCord B (2022) Development of a nanoplate-based digital PCR assay for species identification with mixture deconvolution. Forensic Sci Int Genet 8:193\u2013195","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"3973_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16121503","volume":"16","author":"B Budowle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Budowle B, Sajantila A, Vanek D (2025) Animal Species and Identity Testing: Developments, Challenges, and Applications to Non-Human Forensics. Genes (Basel) 16:1503","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"3973_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2026.112885","volume":"382","author":"M Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao M, Liu Q, Hui M, Qin L, Yang F, Wang Z (2026) Proof-of-principle exploration of meat adulteration detection using the ClassIdent pipeline with nanopore sequencing targeting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Forensic Sci Int 382:112885","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3973_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030441","volume":"31","author":"M Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang M, Li W, Zuo Y, Jiang Q, Li J, Zhang W, Meng X (2026) Rapid Authentication of Flowers of Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng Using High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Analysis. Molecules 31:441","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3973_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.1389-1399","volume":"18","author":"J Mar\u00edn-Villa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Villa J, L\u00f3pez-Herrera A, G\u00f3mez-Ruiz DA, Restrepo-Rodas DC, S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez G, \u00dasuga-Monroy C (2025) Mitochondrial markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA) as supporting biomarkers for wild bird identification. Vet World 18:1389\u20131399","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"3973_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14929","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201907816","volume":"58","author":"L Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu L, You Y, Zhou K, Guo B, Cao Z, Zhao Y, Wu H (2019) A Dual-Response DNA Probe for Simultaneously Monitoring Enzymatic Activity and Environmental pH Using a Nanopore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:14929\u201314934","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"3973_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129525","volume":"355","author":"N Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu N, Ren J, Huang W, Xing R, Deng T, Chen Y (2021) An effective analytical droplet digital PCR approach for identification and quantification of fur-bearing animal meat in raw and processed food. Food Chem 355:129525","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173567","volume":"12","author":"J Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren J, Deng T, Huang W, Chen Y, Ge Y (2017) A digital PCR method for identifying and quantifying adulteration of meat species in raw and processed food. PLoS ONE 12:e173567","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3973_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.138","volume":"173","author":"C Floren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Floren C, Wiedemann I, Brenig B, Sch\u00fctz E, Beck J (2015) Species identification and quantification in meat and meat products using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Food Chem 173:1054\u20131058","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.093","volume":"275","author":"ES Noh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noh ES, Park YJ, Kim EM, Park JY, Shim KB, Choi T, Kim K, Kang J (2019) Quantitative analysis of Alaska pollock in seafood products by droplet digital PCR. Food Chem 275:638\u2013643","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"3973_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13101432","volume":"13","author":"EK Erm\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erm\u00e1kov\u00e1 EK, Svoboda P, Ovesn\u00e1 J, Va Ek J, Demnerov\u00e1 KI, Zde\u0148kov\u00e1 K (2024) cor1 Gene: A Suitable Marker for Identification of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L). Foods 13:1432","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"3973_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117063","volume":"219","author":"S Cau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cau S, Soro B, Melillo R, Piras G, Salza S, Tedde T, Pinna F, Vodret B, Spanu C (2025) Application of droplet digital PCR for the detection of fish DNA in food products. Food Res Int 219:117063","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"3973_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3745","volume":"17","author":"R Furukawa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Furukawa R, Tozaki T, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Takahashi Y, Fukui E, Kakoi H (2025) A method for detecting gene doping in horse sports without DNA extraction. DRUG TEST ANAL 17:427\u2013435","journal-title":"DRUG TEST ANAL"},{"key":"3973_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2015.08.030","volume":"491","author":"Q Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian Q, Mu Y, Xu Y, Song Q, Yu B, Ma C, Jin W, Jin Q (2015) An integrated microfluidic system for bovine DNA purification and digital PCR detection. Anal Biochem 491:55\u201357","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"3973_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15010036","volume":"15","author":"X Dai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dai X, Cao M, Wang Z (2025) Digital Melting Curve Analysis for Multiplex Quantification of Nucleic Acids on Droplet Digital PCR. Biosensors 15:36","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"3973_CR115","first-page":"107","volume":"408","author":"IJ Pav","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pav IJ, El J, Milavec M (2016) Assessment of the real-time PCR and different digital PCR platforms for DNA quantification. Anal Biochem 408:107\u2013121","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"3973_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2025.107300","volume":"239","author":"S Sreekutti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sreekutti S, Ndomondo S, Sharma P, Patel R, Mevada V (2025) Forensic application of metagenomics: Methods and future directions. J Microbiol Meth 239:107300","journal-title":"J Microbiol Meth"},{"key":"3973_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2022.07.007","volume":"21","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Liu W, Simayijiang H, Hu P, Yan J (2023) Application of Microbiome in Forensics. Genom Proteom Bioinform 21:97\u2013107","journal-title":"Genom Proteom Bioinform"},{"key":"3973_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-024-00751-9","volume":"29","author":"D Gleerup","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gleerup D, Trypsteen W, Fraley SI, De Spiegelaere W (2025) Digital PCR in Virology: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Mol Diagn Ther 29:43\u201354","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"3973_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775299","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.775299","volume":"8","author":"L Miglietta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miglietta L, Moniri A, Pennisi I, Malpartida-Cardenas K, Abbas H, Hill-Cawthorne K, Bolt F, Jauneikaite E, Davies F, Holmes A, Georgiou P, Rodriguez-Manzano J (2021) Coupling Machine Learning and High Throughput Multiplex Digital PCR Enables Accurate Detection of Carbapenem-Resistant Genes in Clinical Isolates. Front Mol Biosci 8:775299","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"3973_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00689-2","volume":"10","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liu X, Wang X, Yan Z, Xu Y, Ga\u0148ov\u00e1 M, \u0158ezn\u00ed\u010dek T, Korabe\u010dn\u00e1 M, Neuzil P (2024) SPEED: an integrated, smartphone-operated, handheld digital PCR Device for point-of-care testing. Microsyst Nanoeng 10:62","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"key":"3973_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2026.129559","volume":"304","author":"Y Kong","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kong Y, Zhang F, Yu Y, Zhang C, Gao Z, Liu B, Feng S, Zhang J (2026) Highly sensitive and portable digital microfluidics for on-site quantitative analysis of soil microbial counts. Talanta 304:129559","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:02:00Z","timestamp":1787580120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["3973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03973-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed to consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}