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Anstalt \u00f6ffentlichen Rechts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While thermal injuries caused by heat are well-recognized in cases of child maltreatment, injuries resulting from cold exposure (hypothermia and local cold injury) appear to be rare in this context. Although hypothermia and cold injuries related to child abuse and neglect pose a significant threat to affected children, systematic data on this topic are currently lacking. The goal of this article was to better understand the frequency, forms and contexts of child maltreatment involving cold exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a narrative review with systematic elements based on a PubMed search and an additional non-systematic search of German language publications in Google Scholar. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full texts of potentially relevant studies were then assessed to determine final inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search yielded 192 search results. Additionally, 4 publications were found in a non-systematic German language search. 22 publications were ultimately included in the review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The limited number of publications restricts generalizability. Hypothermia and local cold injuries in child maltreatment mainly affect children under six years and may present in varied forms and scenarios. Underreporting due to non-recognition and potential publication bias should be considered, and differential diagnoses must be carefully assessed in practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03977-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:23:58Z","timestamp":1788409438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypothermia and cold injuries \u2013 rare but severe manifestations of child abuse and neglect"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"K\u00fcppers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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Likewise, informed consent was not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this manuscript, ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, California, USA) was used to identify all relevant synonyms for the search terms applied in the literature review. For example, the following was entered into ChatGPT: \u2018List all possible synonyms for the term hypothermia.\u2019 The results were afterwards checked for plausibility. In addition, ChatGPT was used to identify a small number of additional sources outside the formal review process (n = 3). For example, the prompt \u2018Please provide a reliable source for the definition of hypothermia in neonates\u2019 was entered. The suggested source (the WHO website in this example) was verified and it was carefully ensured that the source contained the statement. Accordingly, the authors carefully reviewed and revised the content of ChatGPT as necessary and assume full responsibility for the final published version of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}