{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:19:58Z","timestamp":1788239998928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1788239102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spleen contraction verified as a supportive autopsy sign of fatal hypothermia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7221-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Z\u00e1topkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka Pohlov\u00e1","family":"Ku\u010derov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalibor","family":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitka","family":"Pa\u017einov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romana","family":"Pitkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Ba\u010dinov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Jan\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Hejna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0977-1","volume":"128","author":"C Palmiere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palmiere C, Teresinski G, Hejna P (2014) Postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia. Int J Legal Med 128:607\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-0977-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3984_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-003-0231-5","volume":"14","author":"B Madea","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madea B, Preu\u00df J, Lignitz E (2004) Unterk\u00fchlung. Umst\u00e4nde, morphologische Befunde und ihre Pathogenese [Hypothermia. Circumstances, morphological findings, and their pathogenesis]. Rechtsmedizin 14:41\u201358 (in German)","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"3984_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madea B, Tsokos M, Preu\u00df J (2008) Death due to hypothermia. In: Tsokos M (ed) Forensic Pathology Reviews, Volume 5. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 3\u201321","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-110-9_1"},{"key":"3984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9142-4","volume":"6","author":"EE Turk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turk EE (2010) Hypothermia. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6:106\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-010-9142-4","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-017-9916-z","volume":"14","author":"RW Byard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Byard RW, Bright FM (2018) Lethal hypothermia \u2013 a sometimes elusive diagnosis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14:421\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-017-9916-z","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-026-01236-3","author":"R Barranco","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barranco R, Grassi S, Costantino A, Ventura F (2026) Chilling uncertainty: The need for a standardized approach in the enigmatic diagnosis of lethal hypothermia. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01236-3","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.23907\/2018.005","volume":"8","author":"CM Rolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rolf CM, Gallagher KE (2018) Hypothermic Death in the Arctic State. Acad Forensic Pathol 8:64\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23907\/2018.005","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR8","first-page":"126","volume":"16","author":"AK Mant","year":"1969","unstructured":"Mant AK (1969) Autopsy diagnosis of accidental hypothermia. J Forensic Med 16:126\u2013129","journal-title":"J Forensic Med"},{"key":"3984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9432(76)90059-5","volume":"8","author":"J Hirvonen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hirvonen J (1976) Necropsy findings in fatal hypothermia cases. Forensic Sci 8:155\u2013164","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3984_CR10","unstructured":"Madea B, Preu\u00df J, Henn V, Lignitz E (2004) Morphological findings in fatal hypothermia and their pathogenesis. In: Oehmichen M (ed) Hypothermia: Clinical, Pathomorphological and Forensic Features. Schmidt-R\u00f6mhild, L\u00fcbeck, pp 181\u2013204"},{"key":"3984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0677-7","volume":"126","author":"P Hejna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hejna P, Zatopkova L, Tsokos M (2012) The diagnostic value of synovial membrane hemorrhage and bloody discoloration of synovial fluid (inner knee sign) in autopsy cases of fatal hypothermia. Int J Legal Med 126:415\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0677-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1596-4","volume":"131","author":"L Zatopkova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zatopkova L, Hejna P, Palmiere C, Teresinski G, Janik M (2017) Hypothermia provokes hemorrhaging in various core muscle groups: how many of them could we have missed? Int J Legal Med 131:1423\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1596-4","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.017","volume":"141","author":"J Preuss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Preuss J, Dettmeyer R, Lignitz E, Madea B (2004) Fatty degeneration in renal tubule epithelium in accidental hypothermia victims. Forensic Sci Int 141:131\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR14","first-page":"182","volume":"69","author":"HJ Wendt","year":"1944","unstructured":"Wendt HJ (1944) Die Milz unter K\u00e4lteeinwirkung [The spleen under cold exposure]. Fortschr d Geb d R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen 69:182\u2013193 (in German)","journal-title":"Fortschr d Geb d R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen"},{"key":"3984_CR15","unstructured":"Varman IG (1957) In: Starkov PM, ed. K probleme ostroy gipotermii [To the problem of acute hypothermia] Medgiz Moscow. p. 130 (in Russian)"},{"key":"3984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00783679","volume":"61","author":"VA Bernshtein","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bernshtein VA (1966) The depot function of the spleen in nonpharmacological hypothermia. Bull Exp Biol Med 61:255\u2013257","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"3984_CR17","unstructured":"Horn G (1951) Tod durch Unterk\u00fchlung [Death due to hypothermia]. \u00c4rztl Wschr: 6 (in German)"},{"key":"3984_CR18","first-page":"177","volume":"5","author":"E Gillner","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gillner E, Waltz H (1971) Zur Symptomatik des Erfrierens [On the manifestations of fatal cold exposure]. Kriminalist Forens Wiss 5:177\u2013185 (in German)","journal-title":"Kriminalist Forens Wiss"},{"key":"3984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200979","volume":"86","author":"V Schneider","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schneider V, Klug E (1980) Tod durch Unterk\u00fchlung. Gibt es neue Gesichtspunkte zur Diagnostik? [Death due to hypothermia. Are there new aspects of diagnosis?]. Z Rechtsmed 86:59\u201369 (in German)","journal-title":"Z Rechtsmed"},{"key":"3984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madea B, Doberentz E (2022) Injuries due to cold. In: Madea B (ed) Handbook of Forensic Medicine, 2nd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 627\u201337","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119648628.ch24"},{"key":"3984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-2261(21)00391-X","volume":"12","author":"SM Lewis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lewis SM (1983) The spleen\u2013mysteries solved and unresolved. Clin Haematol 12:363\u2013373","journal-title":"Clin Haematol"},{"key":"3984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04471-w","volume":"120","author":"E Schagatay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schagatay E, Lunde A, Nilsson S, Palm O, Lodin-Sundstr\u00f6m A (2020) Spleen contraction elevates hemoglobin concentration at high altitude during rest and exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 120:2693\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04471-w","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3984_CR23","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology","author":"JE Hall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hall JE (2015) Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"key":"3984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1669","volume":"5","author":"RE Mebius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mebius RE, Kraal G (2005) Structure and function of the spleen. Nat Rev Immunol 5:606\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1669","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau6085","volume":"4","author":"SM Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC (2019) Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol 4:eaau6085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau6085","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"3984_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.042","volume":"297","author":"C Palmiere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palmiere C, Tettamanti C, Scarpelli MP, Tse R (2019) The forensic spleen: morphological, radiological, and toxicological investigations. Forensic Sci Int 297:384\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.042","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1478-3","volume":"43","author":"MS Enslow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enslow MS, Preece SR, Wildman-Tobriner B, Enslow RA, Mazurowski M, Nelson RC (2018) Splenic contraction: a new member of the hypovolemic shock complex. Abdom Radiol (NY) 43:2375\u20132383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-018-1478-3","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"3984_CR28","first-page":"649","volume":"64","author":"D Bakovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bakovic D, Pivac N, Zubin Maslov P, Breskovic T, Damonja G, Dujic Z (2013) Spleen volume changes during adrenergic stimulation with low doses of epinephrine. J Physiol Pharmacol 64:649\u2013655","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"3984_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00753.2018","volume":"126","author":"GM Purdy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purdy GM, James MA, Rees JL et al (2019) Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 126:152\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00753.2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"3984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199404000-00019","volume":"36","author":"Y Kluger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kluger Y, Paul DB, Raves JJ et al (1994) Delayed rupture of the spleen\u2013myths, facts, and their importance: case reports and literature review. J Trauma 36:568\u2013571","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3984_CR31","volume-title":"Atlas of Spleen Pathology","author":"D O'Malley","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley D (2012) Atlas of Spleen Pathology. Springer, New York"},{"key":"3984_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-017-1893-0","volume":"40","author":"I Varga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varga I, Babala J, Kachlik D (2018) Anatomic variations of the spleen: current state of terminology, classification, and embryological background. Surg Radiol Anat 40:21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-017-1893-0","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-012-9328-z","volume":"8","author":"P Necas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Necas P, Hejna P (2012) Eponyms in forensic pathology. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 8:395\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-012-9328-z","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90333-6","volume":"66","author":"HT Haffner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haffner HT, Graw M, Erdelkamp J (1994) Spleen findings in drowning. Forensic Sci Int 66:95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90333-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00332-3","volume":"137","author":"JA Hadley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hadley JA, Fowler DR (2003) Organ weight effects of drowning and asphyxiation on the lungs, liver, brain, heart, kidneys, and spleen. Forensic Sci Int 137:239\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00332-3","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.11.006","volume":"12","author":"T Sugimura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sugimura T, Kashiwagi M, Matsusue A, Hara K, Kageura M, Kubo S (2010) Application of the drowning index to actual drowning cases. Leg Med (Tokyo) 12:68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.11.006","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"3984_CR37","volume-title":"Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza trupa [Forensic Medical Examination of the Corpse]","author":"\u041cI Avdeev","year":"1976","unstructured":"Avdeev \u041cI (1976) Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza trupa [Forensic Medical Examination of the Corpse]. Medicina"},{"key":"3984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(20)30868-3","volume":"2","author":"CB Cameron","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cameron CB (1984) Hypothermia and frostbite. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2:475\u2013487","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin N Am"},{"key":"3984_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"BM Beker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beker BM, Cervellera C, De Vito A, Musso CG (2018) Human physiology in extreme heat and cold. Int Arch Clin Physiol 1:1\u20138","journal-title":"Int Arch Clin Physiol"},{"key":"3984_CR40","unstructured":"Mengel A (2009) K\u00e4ltebedingte innere Kniegelenkbefunde beim Unterk\u00fchlungstod unter Ber\u00fccksichtigung anderer k\u00e4lteassoziierter pathomorphologischer Befunde [Cold-induced internal knee joint findings in fatal hypothermia in relation to other cold-associated pathomorphological findings]. Doctoral thesis, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universit\u00e4t, Greifswald. (in German)"},{"key":"3984_CR41","unstructured":"Kostadinov SD (2018) Smart ot preohlazhdane \u2013 epidemiologiya, sadebnomeditsinska diagnostika. Sastoyanie na ekspertizata, vazmozhnosti za optimizatsiya [Death from hypothermia: epidemiology and forensic diagnosis. Current state of forensic practice and possibilities for optimization] Doctoral thesis, vol 228. Medical University Varna. (in Bulgarian)"},{"key":"3984_CR42","volume-title":"Ocherki o kholodovoi travme [Essays on Cold Trauma]","author":"VB Shigeev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shigeev VB, Shigeev SV (2016) Ocherki o kholodovoi travme [Essays on Cold Trauma]. August Borg Printing House, Moscow"},{"key":"3984_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lignitz E, Madea B (2024) K\u00e4lte [Cold]. In: Madea B (ed) Rechtsmedizin. Befunderhebung, Rekonstruktion, Begutachtung [Practical Forensic Medicine. Examination, Reconstruction, Expert Assessment], 4th ed. Springer Berlin, pp 418\u201327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63435-6"},{"key":"3984_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lignitz E, Madea B (2015) K\u00e4lte [Cold]. In: Madea B (ed) Rechtsmedizin. Befunderhebung, Rekonstruktion, Begutachtung [Forensic Medicine. Documentation of Findings, Reconstruction, and Expert Assessment], 3rd ed. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 318\u201324","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43500-7"},{"key":"3984_CR45","unstructured":"Lignitz E (2007) K\u00e4lte [Cold]. In: Madea B (ed) Praxis Rechtsmedizin. Befunderhebung, Rekonstruktion, Begutachtung [Practical Forensic Medicine. Examination of Findings, Reconstruction, and Expert Assessment], 2nd ed. Springer Heidelberg, pp 185\u201390"},{"key":"3984_CR46","unstructured":"Lignitz E (2003) K\u00e4lte [Cold]. In: Madea B (ed) Praxis Rechtsmedizin. Befunderhebung, Rekonstruktion, Begutachtung [Practical Forensic Medicine. Examination of Findings, Reconstruction, and Expert Assessment], 1st ed. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 181\u20136"},{"key":"3984_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bright FM, Byard WR (2024) Extremes of temperature: hypothermia. In: Payne-James J, Byard WR (eds) Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 3rd ed. Elsevier, pp 488\u201398","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-21441-7.00121-7"},{"key":"3984_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne-James J, Byard WR (2023) Hypothermia. In: Payne-James J, Byard WR (eds) Forensic and Legal Medicine Clinical and Pathological Aspects, 1st edition ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 390\u20135","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003138754-47"},{"key":"3984_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1297-hahmio","volume":"130","author":"A Nixdorf-Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nixdorf-Miller A, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC 3rd (2006) Hypothermia and hyperthermia medicolegal investigation of morbidity and mortality from exposure to environmental temperature extremes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2006-130-1297-hahmio","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"3984_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-026-01287-6","author":"\u0160 Pohlov\u00e1 Ku\u010derov\u00e1","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pohlov\u00e1 Ku\u010derov\u00e1 \u0160, Kova\u0159\u00edk D, Z\u00e1topkov\u00e1 L, Jan\u00edk M, Hejna P (2026) Reverse Wischnewsky spots: a novel visual presentation of the traditional autopsy sign. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01287-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13839","volume":"63","author":"C Palmiere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmiere C, Rousseau G, Teresinski G, Hejna P (2018) Pulmonary edema and pink markings on the lungs in hypothermia. J Forensic Sci 63:1601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13839","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3984_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00201262","volume":"102","author":"B Madea","year":"1989","unstructured":"Madea B, Oehmichen M (1989) Ungew\u00f6hnliche Befunde in einem Fall von Unterk\u00fchlung [An unusual finding in a case of hypothermia]. Z Rechtsmed 102:59\u201367 (in German). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00201262","journal-title":"Z Rechtsmed"},{"key":"3984_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.11.017","volume":"82","author":"Y Kawasumi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawasumi Y, Onozuka N, Kakizaki A et al (2013) Hypothermic death: possibility of diagnosis by post-mortem computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 82:361\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.11.017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"3984_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000175","volume":"36","author":"DK Molina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molina DK, DiMaio VJ (2015) Normal organ weights in women: part II-the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 36:182\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/paf.0000000000000175","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad","volume":"33","author":"DK Molina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Molina DK, DiMaio VJ (2012) Normal organ weights in men: part II-the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 33:368\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)00103-5","volume":"88","author":"S Sprog\u00f8e-Jakobsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sprog\u00f8e-Jakobsen S, Sprog\u00f8e-Jakobsen U (1997) The weight of the normal spleen. Forensic Sci Int 88:215\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(97)00103-5","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR57","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"S Standring","year":"2025","unstructured":"Standring S, Tubbs SR (2025) Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier"},{"key":"3984_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2019.04.001","volume":"18","author":"V Chatzaraki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chatzaraki V, Verster J, Tappero C, Thali MJ, Schweitzer W, Ampanozi G (2019) Spleen measurements with reference to cause of death and spleen weight estimation: a study on postmortem computed tomography. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 18:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jofri.2019.04.001","journal-title":"J Forensic Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"3984_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.011","volume":"231","author":"H Hyodoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyodoh H, Watanabe S, Katada R, Hyodoh K, Matsumoto H (2013) Postmortem computed tomography lung findings in fatal of hypothermia. Forensic Sci Int 231:190\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3984_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9611-2","volume":"10","author":"W Schweitzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schweitzer W, Thali M, Giugni G, Winklhofer S (2014) Postmortem pulmonary CT in hypothermia. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 10:557\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-014-9611-2","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:05:09Z","timestamp":1788239109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["3984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03984-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The autopsies on which this study is based were ordered in accordance with national legislation governing postmortem medico-legal investigations; therefore, informed consent from relatives was not required. All data were fully anonymized prior to analysis and publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent to participate<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent for publication<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, as revised). No approval from a local Institutional Review Board was required because all postmortem examinations were performed in accordance with national legislation governing postmortem medico-legal investigations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}