{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:18:35Z","timestamp":1788419915950,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anthropological and forensic investigations often rely on skeletonized human remains as the only piece of evidence for lifestyle, age and post-mortem interval predictions. Recent studies have demonstrated that histological staining has the potential to extend or improve the knowledge that can be extracted from the microstructure of bone. However, histological staining has only been scarcely applied and investigated on (taphonomically altered) human bones, leading to a lack of available methodology. In this study, protocols for the preparation of bone slides for light microscopy and for staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Sirius Red &amp; Fast Green, Toluidine Blue, Masson\u2019s Trichrome and Azocarmine G were adapted for use on undecalcified, unembedded and unfixed human bone. The final methods were applied to fresh, fridge stored and taphonomically altered bones to observe differences between the staining outcomes, as well as what information can be drawn from staining. The successfully stained bone sections revealed information regarding morphology and the collagen content of the bone based on the affinity of the stains to targeted microstructures in the bone or to the collagen molecules respectively. These bone preparation and staining methods are a valuable step towards the adaptation of other stains for human bone, and ultimately towards the development of uniformized histological methods to support forensic-anthropological investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:07:08Z","timestamp":1788419228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A technical note on the preparation and staining of unfixed, undecalcified and unembedded fresh and taphonomically altered human bone with five common stains and dyes"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Simona A.","family":"Dinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Sluis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma","family":"Duijst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Krap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330280511","volume":"28","author":"HM Frost","year":"1985","unstructured":"Frost HM (1985) The New Bone: Some Anthropological Potentials. Yearb Phys Anthropol 28:211\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330280511","journal-title":"Yearb Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1242","volume":"23","author":"HH de Boer","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Boer HH, Aarents MJ, Maat GJR (2013) Manual for the Preparation and Staining of Embedded Natural Dry Bone Tissue Sections for Microscopy. Int J Osteoarchaeol 23:83\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.1242","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3986_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4754.00064","volume":"44","author":"REM Hedges","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hedges REM (2002) Bone Diagenesis: An Overview of Processes. Archaeometry 44(3):319\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-4754.00064","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"3986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.578","volume":"11","author":"GJR Maat","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maat GJR, Van Den Bos RPM, Aarents MJ (2001) Manual Preparation of Ground Sections for the Microscopy of Natural Bone Tissue: Update and Modification of Frost\u2019s \u2018Rapid Manual Method\u2019. Int J Osteoarchaeol 11:366\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.578","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"3986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1995.0022","volume":"22","author":"REM Hedges","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hedges REM, Millard AR (1995) Measurements and Relationships of Diagenetic Alteration of Bone from Three Archaeological Sites. J Archaeol Sci 22:201\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jasc.1995.0022","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0528-y","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wang W, Ding S, Wang X, Chen Q, Li X (2018) A multi-layered poroelastic slab model under cyclic loading for a single osteon. BioMed Eng Online 17(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-018-0528-y","journal-title":"BioMed Eng Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"3986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2020.0322","volume":"28","author":"B Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang B, Liu X (2022) Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 28(2):261\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.teb.2020.0322","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"3986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04151206","volume":"3","author":"B Clarke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke B (2008) Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:S121\u2013S139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04151206","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"3986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.053","author":"JR Goliath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goliath JR, Stewart MC, Stout SD (2016) Variation in osteon histomorphometrics and their impact on age-at-death estimation in older individuals. Sci Int 262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.053. :282.e1\u2013282.e6"},{"key":"3986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1208","volume":"22","author":"HH de Boer","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Boer HH, Aarents MJ, Maat GJR (2012) Staining Ground Sections of Natural Dry Bone Tissue for Microscopy. Int J Osteoarchaeol 22:379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.1208","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"3986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2022.12.009","volume":"660","author":"G Turner-Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turner-Walker G, Galiacho AG, Armentano N, Hsu CQ (2023) Bacterial bioerosion of bones is a post-skeletonisation phenomenon and appears contingent on soil burial. Quat Int 660:75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2022.12.009 6\/j.quaint.2022.12.009","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248102100403","volume":"21","author":"CJ Hackett","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hackett CJ (1981) Microscopical Focal Destruction (Tunnels) in Exhumed Human Bones. Med Sci Law 21(4):243\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580248102100403","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"3986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2003.07.007","volume":"31","author":"MME Jans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jans MME, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Smith CI, Collins MJ, Kars H (2003) Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone. J Archaeol Sci 31:87\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2003.07.007","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"3986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.008","volume":"240","author":"A Boaks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boaks A, Siwek D, Mortazavi F (2014) The temporal degradation of bone collagen: A histochemical approach. Forensic Sci Int 240:104\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1747-7","volume":"132","author":"K Jellinghaus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jellinghaus K, Hachmann C, Hoeland K, Bohnert M, Wittwer-Backofen U (2018) Collagen degradation as a possibility to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI) of animal bones: A validation study referring to an original study of Boaks et al. (2014). Int J Legal Med 132:753\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1747-7","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.11.009","volume":"36","author":"K Jellinghaus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jellinghaus K, Urban PK, Hachmann C, Bohnert M, Hotz G, Rosendahl W, Wittwer-Backofen U (2019) Collagen degradation as a possibility to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human bones in a forensic context\u2013 A survey. Leg Med 36:96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.11.009","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"3986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.03.008","volume":"298","author":"RD Astolphi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Astolphi RD, de Seixas Alves MT, Evison MP, Francisco RA, Guimar\u00e3es MA, Iwamura ESM (2019) The impact of burial period on compact bone microstructure: Histological analysis of matrix loss and cell integrity in human bones exhumed from tropical soil. Forensic Sci Int 298:384\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.03.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"3986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1179\/his.2005.28.2.73","volume":"28","author":"DL Osborne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Osborne DL, Curtis J (2005) A Protocol for the Staining of Cement Lines in Adult Human Bone Using Toluidine Blue. J Histotechnol 28(2):73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/his.2005.28.2.73","journal-title":"J Histotechnol"},{"key":"3986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1699-y","volume":"132","author":"Y Delannoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delannoy Y, Colard T, Cannet C, Mesli V, H\u00e9douin V, Penel G, Ludes B (2019) Characterization of bone diagenesis by histology in forensic contexts: a human taphonomic study. Int J Legal Med 132:219\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1699-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3986_CR20","volume-title":"Sirius Red\/Fast Green Collagen Staining Kit","author":"Chondrex Inc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chondrex Inc (2020) Sirius Red\/Fast Green Collagen Staining Kit. Chondrex Inc., Woodinville, WA"},{"issue":"6","key":"3986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295809111862","volume":"33","author":"HM Frost","year":"1958","unstructured":"Frost HM (1958) Preparation of Thin Undecalcified Bone Sections by Rapid Manual Method. Stain Technol 33(6):273\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10520295809111862","journal-title":"Stain Technol"},{"key":"3986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2024.100294","volume":"35","author":"M Golberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Golberg M, Kobos J, Clarke E, Bajaka A, Sm\u0119dra A, Balawender K, Wawrzyniak A, Seneczko M, Orkisz S, Zytkowski A (2024) Application of histochemical stains in anatomical research: A brief overview of the methods. Transl Res Anat 35:100294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tria.2024.100294","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"key":"3986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03536-9","author":"I Sluis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sluis I, Duijst W, Krap T (2025) Bone histology for forensic anthropology: a technical review on the advances in microstructural analysis of taphonomically altered buried or subaerially exposed bone. Int J Legal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03536-9","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1998.21.2.129","volume":"21","author":"DL Sterehi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sterehi DL, Keefer LR (1998) Modified Mallory Aniline Blue Stain for Bone, Cartilage, and Other Connective Tissues. J Histotechnol 21(2):129\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/his.1998.21.2.129","journal-title":"J Histotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27993","DOI":"10.4161\/biom.27993","volume":"4","author":"C Rentsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rentsch C, Schneiders W, Manthey S, Rentsch B, Rammelt S (2014) Comprehensive histological evaluation of bone implants. Biomatter 4(1):e27993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/biom.27993","journal-title":"Biomatter"},{"key":"3986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11155-7","volume":"7","author":"C Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang C, Yan B, Cui Z, Cui S, Zhang T, Wang X, Liu D, Yang R, Jiang N, Zhou Y, Liu Y (2017) Bone regeneration in minipigs by intrafibrillarly-mineralized collagen loaded with autologous periodontal ligament stem cells. Sci Rep 7:10519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11155-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100488","volume":"9","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun Y, Helmholz H, Willumeit- R\u00f6mer R (2022) Multicolor Histochemical Staining for Identification of Mineralized and Non-Mineralized Musculoskeletal Tissue: Immunohistochemical and Radiological Validation in Decalcified Bone Samples. Bioengineering 9:488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9100488","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"3986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/app14010461","volume":"14","author":"S Peev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peev S, Parushev I, Yotsova R (2024) A Modified Protocol for Staining of Undecalcified Bone Samples Using Toluidine Blue\u2014A Histological Study in Rabbit Models. Appl Sci 14(1):461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14010461","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"3986_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00059-6","volume":"102","author":"C Cattaneo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cattaneo C, DiMartino S, Scali S, Craig O, Grandi M, Sokol R (1999) Determining the human origin of fragments of burnt bone: A comparative study of histological, immunological and DNA techniques. Forensic Sci Int 102:181\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00059-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2741\/4197","volume":"19","author":"T Veuthey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veuthey T, Herrera G, Dodero VI (2014) Dyes and stains: From molecular structure to histological application. Front Biosci 19(1):91\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/4197","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"3986_CR31","unstructured":"MORPHISTO GmbH (2019) Azocarmine. Morphisto Laborchemikalien & Histologieservice. https:\/\/www.morphisto.de\/en\/shop\/detail\/d\/Azokarmin\/\/8414\/. Accessed 7 Feb 2025"},{"key":"3986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296767","volume":"50","author":"JP Gorski","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gorski JP (1991) Acidic Phosphoproteins from Bone Matrix: A Structural Rationalization of Their Role in Biomineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 50:391\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00296767","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"3986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002803","volume":"185","author":"G Younan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Younan G, Suber F, Xing W, Shi T, Kunori Y, \u00c5brink M, Pejler G, Schlenner SM, Rodewald HR, Moore FD Jr, Stevens RL, Adachi R, Austen KF, Gurish MF (2010) The Inflammatory Response after an Epidermal Burn Depends on the Activities of Mouse Mast Cell Proteases 4 and 5. J Immunol 185(12):7681\u20137690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1002803","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"3986_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez JY, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A (2012) Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"3986_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.125204","volume":"17","author":"R Sangeetha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sangeetha R, Uma K, Chandavarkar V (2013) Comparison of routine decalcification methods with microwave decalcification of bone and teeth. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 17(3):386\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-029X.125204","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"3986_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14469","volume":"16","author":"A Cuccu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cuccu A, Calder\u00f3n T, Azanza B, DeMiguel D (2025) Hard tissue thin-sectioning techniques in vertebrate paleohistology: Review, synthesis and improvements. Methods Ecol Evol 16:66\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.14469","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3986_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104682","volume":"122","author":"EBB Jalkh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jalkh EBB, Parra M, Torroni A, Nayak VV, Tovar N, Castellano A, Badalov RM, Bonfante EA, Coelho PG, Witek L (2021) Effect of supplemental acid-etching on the early stages of osseointegration: A preclinical model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 122:104682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104682","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"3986_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00564","volume":"16","author":"N Procopio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Procopio N, Buckley M (2017) Minimizing Laboratory-Induced Decay in Bone Proteomics. J Proteome Res 16:447\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00564","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3986_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/min15080807","volume":"15","author":"Y Dauphin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dauphin Y (2025) Navigating the Limits: Unraveling Unidentified Fossil Bone and Tooth Fragments Through Histology, Chemistry, and Multivariate Statistics. Minerals 15(8):807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min15080807","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"3986_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gallotta C, Gouwy SA, Komaromi L (2021) Evaluation and optimization of acid processing procedures for the extraction of conodont elements from calcareous rock. Geol Surv Can Open File 8792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4095\/328273","DOI":"10.4095\/328273"},{"issue":"4","key":"3986_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3109\/10520298909107000","volume":"64","author":"DL Sterchi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sterchi DL, Eurell JAC (1989) A New Method for Preparation of Undecalcified Bone Sections. Stain Technol 64(4):201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10520298909107000","journal-title":"Stain Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3986_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90132-7","volume":"21","author":"DB Burr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Burr DB, Schaffler MB, Frederickson RG (1988) Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J Biomech 21(11):939\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90132-7","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3986_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24646","volume":"305","author":"KM Cooke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooke KM, Mahoney P, Miszkiewicz JJ (2022) Secondary osteon variants and remodeling in human bone. Anat Rec 305:1299\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.24646","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"3986_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.3145","volume":"32","author":"I Kontopoulos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kontopoulos I, Van de Vijver K, Robberechts B, Von Tersch M, Turner-Walker G, Penkman K, Collins MJ (2022) Histological and stable isotope analysis of archeological bones from St. Rombout\u2019s cemetery (Mechelen, Belgium): Intrasite, intraindividual, and intrabone variability. Int J Osteoarchaeol 32:1142\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.3145","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3986_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01160.x","volume":"54","author":"KA Jaggers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jaggers KA, Rogers TL (2009) The effects of soil environment on postmortem interval: a macroscopic analysis. J Forensic Sci 54(6):1217\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01160.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"3986_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.11.006","volume":"34","author":"CI Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith CI, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Jans MME, Collins MJ (2007) Bone diagenesis in the European Holocene I: Patterns and mechanisms. J Archaeol Sci 34:1485\u20131493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2006.11.006","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:07:10Z","timestamp":1788419230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["3986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-026-03986-9","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.053","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The human bone samples used for this research were obtained through the body donation program of the Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), which is an accredited biobank (medical ethical approval nr. 2024.00676). The study was done in accordance with the Dutch Burial and Cremation Act (art. 67 Burial Act) and with the approval of the ethical committee of the department of Medical Biology, with informed consent of the donor for forensic taphonomic studies (in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki). Given the nature of donation to science, additional consent declarations and clinical trial number were not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}