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While several nose estimators have been published, out-of-group tests are relatively few. In this study, we use high-resolution CT scans and a pool of 92 Australian adults to assess three previously published nose estimation models: (1) nose width estimated from the maximum width of the nasal aperture; (2) nasal tip curve (inferior oblique view) estimated from the superior nasal aperture shape; and (3) pronasale position estimated from two-tangents according to recent revisions. Tests of Method 1 in 63 subjects reveal standard errors of the estimate (SEE) of 4.0\u00a0mm. Tests of Method 2 in 31 carefully screened subjects produced a Procrustes distance (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of 0.24. Tests of Method 3 in 43 subjects, yielded a SEE of 10\u00a0mm for Euclidean distances between the estimated and ground truth pronasale position. Cartesian coordinate error (x\/y) for the latter method, revealed pronasale was placed too far antero-inferiorly in most subjects (x\u2009=\u2009+2.2\u00a0mm and y\u2009=\u2009\u22126.2\u00a0mm). These results indicate that current published nose estimation models often yield noses with substantially incorrect dimensions for all three factors: nose width, nose tip curve and position of the nose tip. To improve the established methods, we propose a correction factor (sign-reversed mean error) that delivers a calibration-in-the-large for the estimation models helping to increase their accuracy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-04009-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:50:29Z","timestamp":1789098629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nose-skull relationships for craniofacial identification: computed tomography (CT) assessment of nose width, nasal bridge shape &amp; pronasale position"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yong Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl N.","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4009_CR1","unstructured":"Ranson D (2016) Legal aspects of identification. 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