{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:26:18Z","timestamp":1780406778158,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,6]],"date-time":"2013-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,5]],"date-time":"2013-01-05T07:36:46Z","timestamp":1357371406000},"page":"1481-1488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in persons born from 1930 to 1979 and its relation to latitude in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Margitta T.","family":"Kampman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Harald","family":"Aarseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Grytten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Espen","family":"Benjaminsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Gulowsen","family":"Celius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Petter","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trygve","family":"Holm\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"L\u00f8ken-Amsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Midgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell-Morten","family":"Myhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Risberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Vatne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivind","family":"Torkildsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511403794","volume":"17","author":"C Ahlgren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahlgren C, Oden A, Lycke J (2011) High nationwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sweden. Mult Scler 17:901\u2013908","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316802.35974.34","volume":"71","author":"A Alonso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alonso A, Hernan MA (2008) Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology 71:129\u2013135","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0602-z","volume":"254","author":"A Alonso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alonso A, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Hernan MA (2007) Incidence of multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom: findings from a population-based cohort. J Neurol 254:1736\u20131741","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR4","first-page":"431","volume":"125","author":"KB Alstadhaug","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alstadhaug KB, Olavsen J, Salvesen R (2005) Occurrence of multiple sclerosis in Nordland, 1970\u20131999. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 125:431\u2013433","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"6814_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510364197","volume":"16","author":"J Bentzen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bentzen J, Flachs EM, Stenager E, Bronnum-Hansen H, Koch-Henriksen N (2010) Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Denmark 1950\u20132005. Mult Scler 16:520\u2013525","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509105579","volume":"15","author":"B Beretich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beretich B, Beretich T (2009) Explaining multiple sclerosis prevalence by ultraviolet exposure: a geospatial analysis. Mult Scler 15:891\u2013898","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6814_CR7","author":"I Bostrom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bostrom I, Stawiarz L, Landtblom AM (2012) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in the National Swedish MS Register (SMSreg). Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177\/1352458512446169","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"6814_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01208.x","volume":"189","author":"EG Celius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Celius EG, Smestad C (2009) Change in sex ratio, disease course and age at diagnosis in Oslo MS patients through seven decades. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 189:27\u201329","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"6814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00244.x","volume":"109","author":"OP Dahl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dahl OP, Aarseth JH, Myhr KM, Nyland H, Midgard R (2004) Multiple sclerosis in Nord-Trondelag County, Norway: a prevalence and incidence study. Acta Neurol Scand 109:378\u2013384","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"6814_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25463","volume":"128","author":"K Edvardsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edvardsen K, Veierod MB, Brustad M, Braaten T, Engelsen O, Lund E (2011) Vitamin D-effective solar UV radiation, dietary vitamin D and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 128:1425\u20131433","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"6814_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121152","volume":"140","author":"H Freisling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freisling H, Fahey MT, Moskal A, Ocke MC, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Norat T, Naska A, Welch AA, Navarro C, Schulz M, Wirfalt E, Casagrande C, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Parr C, Engeset D, Grioni S, Sera F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, van der Schouw YT, Touvier M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Halkjaer J, Dahm CC, Khaw KT, Crowe F, Linseisen J, Kroger J, Huybrechts I, Deharveng G, Manjer J, Agren A, Trichopoulou A, Tsiotas K, Riboli E, Bingham S, Slimani N (2010) Region-specific nutrient intake patterns exhibit a geographical gradient within and between European countries. J Nutr 140:1280\u20131286","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"6814_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.03.003","volume":"234","author":"JM Greer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Greer JM, McCombe PA (2011) Role of gender in multiple sclerosis: clinical effects and potential molecular mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 234:7\u201318","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"6814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000195549.95448.b9","volume":"66","author":"N Grytten","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grytten N, Glad SB, Aarseth JH, Nyland H, Midgard R, Myhr KM (2006) A 50-year follow-up of the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Hordaland County, Norway. Neurology 66:182\u2013186","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2007.00803.x","volume":"69","author":"HF Harbo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harbo HF, Utsi E, Lorentzen AR, Kampman MT, Celius EG, Myhr KM, Lie BA, Mellgren SI, Thorsby E (2007) Low frequency of the disease-associated DRB1*15-DQB1*06 haplotype may contribute to the low prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sami. Tissue Antigens 69:299\u2013304","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"6814_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.144667","volume":"80","author":"C Hirst","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirst C, Ingram G, Pickersgill T, Swingler R, Compston DA, Robertson NP (2009) Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in South East Wales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:386\u2013391","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357:266\u2013281","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6814_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000268266.50850.48","volume":"69","author":"T Islam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Islam T, Gauderman WJ, Cozen W, Mack TM (2007) Childhood sun exposure influences risk of MS in monozygotic twins. Neurology 69:381\u2013388","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000122330","volume":"30","author":"MT Kampman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kampman MT, Brustad M (2008) Vitamin D: a Candidate for the Environmental Effect in Multiple Sclerosis\u2014Observations from Norway. Neuroepidemiology 30:140\u2013146","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"6814_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0395-5","volume":"254","author":"MT Kampman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kampman MT, Wilsgaard T, Mellgren SI (2007) Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol 254:471\u2013477","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70064-8","volume":"9","author":"N Koch-Henriksen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS (2010) The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol 9:520\u2013532","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825830a9","volume":"78","author":"D Kotzamani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotzamani D, Panou T, Mastorodemos V, Tzagournissakis M, Nikolakaki H, Spanaki C, Plaitakis A (2012) Rising incidence of multiple sclerosis in females associated with urbanization. Neurology 78:1728\u20131735","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","volume":"50","author":"WI McDonald","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, McFarland HF, Paty DW, Polman CH, Reingold SC, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Sibley W, Thompson A, van den NS, Weinshenker BY, Wolinsky JS (2001) Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 50:121\u2013127","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","volume":"296","author":"KL Munger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296:2832\u20132838","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6814_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70581-6","volume":"5","author":"SM Orton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, Valdar W, Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC (2006) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol 5:932\u2013936","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820a0a9f","volume":"76","author":"SM Orton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orton SM, Wald L, Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Krohn JP, Ramagopalan SV, Herrera BM, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC (2011) Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France. Neurology 76:425\u2013431","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.03.001","volume":"21","author":"N Palacios","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palacios N, Alonso A, Bronnum-Hansen H, Ascherio A (2011) Smoking and increased risk of multiple sclerosis: parallel trends in the sex ratio reinforce the evidence. Ann Epidemiol 21:536\u2013542","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"6814_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31824c4648","volume":"78","author":"AL Ponsonby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ponsonby AL, Lucas RM, van der Mei IA, Dear K, Valery PC, Pender MP, Taylor BV, Kilpatrick TJ, Coulthard A, Chapman C, Williams D, McMichael AJ, Dwyer T (2012) Offspring number, pregnancy, and risk of a first clinical demyelinating event: the AusImmune Study. Neurology 78:867\u2013874","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","volume":"13","author":"CM Poser","year":"1983","unstructured":"Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonald WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Sibley WA, Silberberg DH, Tourtellotte WW (1983) New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 13:227\u2013231","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02850.x","volume":"17","author":"SV Ramagopalan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramagopalan SV, Byrnes JK, Orton SM, Dyment DA, Guimond C, Yee IM, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD (2010) Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis and clinical phenotype. Eur J Neurol 17:634\u2013637","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"6814_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318216715e","volume":"76","author":"SV Ramagopalan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramagopalan SV, Handel AE, Giovannoni G, Rutherford SS, Ebers GC, Chaplin G (2011) Relationship of UV exposure to prevalence of multiple sclerosis in England. Neurology 76:1410\u20131414","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01465.x","volume":"124","author":"G Risberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Risberg G, Aarseth JH, Nyland H, Lauer K, Myhr KM, Midgard R (2010) Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Oppland County\u2014a cross-sectional population-based study in a landlocked county of Eastern Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 124:250\u2013257","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"6814_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182752ea8","volume":"79","author":"J Salzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nystrom M, Stenlund H, Wadell G, Sundstrom P (2012) Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79:2140\u20132145","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6814_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.006","volume":"10","author":"J Sellner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sellner J, Kraus J, Awad A, Milo R, Hemmer B, Stuve O (2011) The increasing incidence and prevalence of female multiple sclerosis\u2013a critical analysis of potential environmental factors. Autoimmun Rev 10:495\u2013502","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"6814_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2011.240432","volume":"82","author":"S Simpson Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson S Jr, Blizzard L, Otahal P, van dM I, Taylor B (2011) Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:1132\u20131141","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6814_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.215186","volume":"82","author":"S Simpson Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson S Jr, Pittas F, van dM I, Blizzard L, Ponsonby AL, Taylor B (2011) Trends in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Greater Hobart, Tasmania: 1951 to 2009. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:180\u2013187","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6814_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100007587","volume":"35","author":"JS Sloka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sloka JS, Pryse-Phillips WE, Stefanelli M (2008) The relation of ultraviolet radiation and multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland. Can J Neurol Sci 35:69\u201374","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6814_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195205082461901","volume":"246","author":"RL Swank","year":"1952","unstructured":"Swank RL, Lerstad O, Strom A, Backer J (1952) Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition. N Engl J Med 246:722\u2013728","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6814_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000054783","volume":"20","author":"IAF Mei van der","year":"2001","unstructured":"van der Mei IAF, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, Dwyer T (2001) Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation. Neuroepidemiology 20:168\u2013174","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"6814_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.316","volume":"327","author":"IAF Mei van der","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Mei IAF, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Simmons R, Taylor BV, Butzkueven H, Kilpatrick T (2003) Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study. BMJ 327:316\u2013321","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6814_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01411.x","volume":"123","author":"A Vatne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vatne A, Mygland A, Ljostad U (2011) Multiple sclerosis in Vest-Agder county, Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 123:396\u2013399","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"6814_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508089226","volume":"14","author":"SA Warren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warren SA, Svenson LW, Warren KG (2008) Contribution of incidence to increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Alberta, Canada. Mult Scler 14:872\u2013879","journal-title":"Mult Scler"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T19:23:11Z","timestamp":1559071391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6814-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,6]]}}}